Historical dynamics of metaphoric systems in Russian political communication

The paper investigates the drives for stability and change in the history of Russian political metaphors. It compares Russian and international techniques applied to studying history of political metaphors. The paper depicts the Russian researchers' contribution to the theory and methods of researching political metaphorics, as well as to the theory and practice of historical metaphorology. The coauthors come to the conclusion that the arsenal of contemporary Russian political metaphors represents a complex system that emerged from centuries of evolution as a result of interplay between the drives for stability and change, for preservation of cultural distinctiveness and interaction with other cultures. The study draws a distinction between the periods of "metaphoric storms" and "metaphoric calms" in the history of Russian political metaphor

Effects of Inert Nanoparticles of High-Melting-Point Compositions on Grain Structure and Strength of Ni[3]Al Intermetallic Compounds

The paper represents experimental findings both in the area of effects of nanoparticles of inert high-melting-point TiN compounds on a Ni[3]Al intermetallic grain structure creation in the conditions of high temperature synthesis under pressure, and in the area of impact of grain structure modification on intermetallic compounds' strength factor temperature dependence. It was demonstrated that appending a stoichiometric composition of nanosized particles of high-melting-point inert chemical compounds (TiN) initiates a manyfold loss of average size of grain of Ni[3]Al intermetallic compounds, synthesized under pressure, as well as a sufficient intermetallic compounds' strength rise within a wide range of temperatures (up to 1 000 degree C). Electron-microscopic evaluations of a synthesized intermetallic structure with TiN nanoparticles, showed that, during the process of intermetallic polycrystalline structure creation from high temperature synthesis products melts, TiN nanoparticles are mainly spread throughout the boundaries and joints of grain structure, acting as stoppers of grain boundaries migration

Рибавирин и его аналоги: можно ли старую собаку научить новым фокусам?

The review article focuses on the current state of synthetic and biological studies of ribavirin analogs. Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum nucleoside antiviral drug with a 50-year long history of research and application, but its mechanism of action still remains unclear. This article examines contemporary views on the antiviral and antitumor effects of ribavirin and its analogs and describes the contradictions and gaps that exist in our knowledge. In recent years, new nucleoside analogs of ribavirin have been synthesized. These ribavirin derivatives modified at the heterocyclic base, have the potential to become the antiviral and antitumor agents of the new generation. Thus, this paper presents a systematic review of antiviral activities, antitumor activities and structure–activity relationship (SAR) correlations of 39 ribavirin analogs created in the past 15 years. Biological targets and possible mechanisms of action of these new compounds are also discussed, as well as the prospects and possible directions for further research.Обзор посвящен современному состоянию синтетических и биологических исследований аналогов рибавирина. Рибавирин – нуклеозидный противовирусный препарат широкого спектра действия с 50-ти-летней историей исследований и применения, но механизмы его действия до сих пор остаются неясными. В обзоре кратко изложены современные взгляды на биологические механизмы противовирусного и противоопухолевого действия рибавирина и его аналогов, существующие в этих взглядах противоречия и пробелы. В течение последних лет получены новые нуклеозидные аналоги – производные рибавирина по гетероциклическому основанию, потенциально представляющие собой противовирусные и противоопухолевые средства нового поколения. В статье дан систематический обзор исследований противовирусной и противоопухолевой активности и корреляций «структура – активность», в общей сложности, для 39 аналогов рибавирина, представленных за последние 15 лет, обсуждаются биологические мишени и возможные механизмы действия этих новых соединений, а также перспективы и направление дальнейших исследований

Effects of Inert Nanoparticles of High-Melting-Point Compositions on Grain Structure and Strength of Ni[3]Al Intermetallic Compounds

The paper represents experimental findings both in the area of effects of nanoparticles of inert high-melting-point TiN compounds on a Ni[3]Al intermetallic grain structure creation in the conditions of high temperature synthesis under pressure, and in the area of impact of grain structure modification on intermetallic compounds' strength factor temperature dependence. It was demonstrated that appending a stoichiometric composition of nanosized particles of high-melting-point inert chemical compounds (TiN) initiates a manyfold loss of average size of grain of Ni[3]Al intermetallic compounds, synthesized under pressure, as well as a sufficient intermetallic compounds' strength rise within a wide range of temperatures (up to 1 000 degree C). Electron-microscopic evaluations of a synthesized intermetallic structure with TiN nanoparticles, showed that, during the process of intermetallic polycrystalline structure creation from high temperature synthesis products melts, TiN nanoparticles are mainly spread throughout the boundaries and joints of grain structure, acting as stoppers of grain boundaries migration

Individual Style of a Politician in the Light of the Comic

The article analyzes public communication of a well-known Russian public and political figure, ex-Mayor of Ekaterinburg (2013-2018) Eu. V. Roizman. We understand an individual discourse of a politi­cian as a fragment of the national political discourse, which is characterized through the prism of current trends in the development of public communication. One of the trends is the interrelation of political and entertainment discourse in the media, which manifests itself among other things in the active use by pol­iticians and journalists of all kinds of comic tools. In this paper the comic is considered as a linguistic and pragmatic category with a certain semantic content, and a system of means and mechanisms of expression; the means of the comic are expected to provide a certain impact on the recipient of the political text. They vary in the terms of originality and pragmatic functions, and when incorporating into the political discourse they manifest themselves in the individual style of politicians, public figures and journalists in very different ways.The purpos.Статья посвящена анализу публичной речевой практики мэра Екатеринбурга Е. В. Ройзмана

Study of influence of the main ground properties on grounding device resistivity

The value of resistivity of a grounding device depends on specific electrical resistance of ground, therefore, when designing grounding devices it is necessary to take into account layered structure of ground. The paper presents results of a study of influence of the main ground properties such as ground structure and composition, temperature and humidity, that depend on climatic and weather conditions of terrain and season, ground porosity, presence of salts, alkaline and acid residues, depth of occurrence of groundwater by the value of their specific electrical resistances. On example of ground structure of northern and southern areas of Perm region, effectiveness of a method for calculating grounders over the upper and lower layers of ground is shown. The results of calculations in a form of graphical functions of resistance of a vertical grounding device versus its length in a multilayered ground are given. For northern areas of Perm region the use of simplified techniques in calculation of grounding devices only over the upper layer of ground leads to significant deviations in calculated values from the actual ones. The effect of climatic conditions on specific electrical resistance of ground is analyzed. The results of study of influence of rock porosity on specific electrical resistance of ground are presented in example of such rocks as sand, sandstone and limestone. It is shown that specific electrical resistance varies depending on different values of ground porosity in wide ranges: at high values of ground porosity its specific electrical resistance decreases sharply due to the fact that pores can be filled with liquid while increasing conductivity of ground. Thus, this paper substantiates a thesis about the need to take into account basic properties of ground such as stratification, seasonal climate coefficient and porosity, when designing grounding devices of electrical units to ensure safe electrical conditions. In addition, it is shown that considering heterogeneity of the earth greatly improves accuracy of calculation of grounding devices and reduces cost of their design

Scaling Analysis of Defect Induced Structure of A6061 Alloy at Dynamic Strain Localization

Plastic strain localization and fracture of dynamically loaded metallic samples, occurred during plug formation, are investigated. These processes are closely related to the instability of plastic flow and can be attributed to structural-scaling transitions in mesodefect ensembles. The multiscale nature of defect structure allows us to use the fractal concept for quantitative analysis of both the fracture surface and the inner structure of a deformed material. The scaling properties of fracture surfaces are established in terms of the roughness index (Hurst exponent) as the characteristics of strain localization and fracture

Evaluation of naked oat accessions from the VIR collection for their qualitative characteristics in Kazakhstan

Background. The grain of naked oat varieties has a unique biochemical composition (increased content of protein, starch, fat, and β-glucans) for the production of high-quality dietary food and feed. Relatively low adaptability restrains the spread of naked oat cultivars, but the demand for them has been increasing from year to year. Currently, only hulled oat cultivars are introduced into industrial cultivation in Kazakhstan, so the breeding trend aimed at the development of high-yielding naked oat cultivars may be regarded as a priority.Materials and methods. Thirty-five accessions of naked oats (Avena  sativa L.  subsp. nudisativa (Husnot.) Rod. et Sold.) were selected from the germplasm collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) for their suitability for the conditions in Kazakhstan in terms of the growing season, drought resistance and grain productivity. The study was carried out in 2015–2017 in the fields of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production (Almaty) and the Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station (Kostanay). Grain quality of naked oats was assessed by various methods according to a set of biochemical characters: the content of protein and its fractions, starch, amylose, fat and fatty acids, and β-glucans.Results. The study of naked oat accessions from VIR in the environments of the southeastern Kazakhstan showed higher average values of protein content in grain than under the conditions in the north. As a result of the study, naked oat accessions with increased and stable indicators of the content of protein, starch, amylose, fat, individual fatty acids and β-glucans were identified for the conditions of the southeastern and northern regions of Kazakhstan. All selected accessions will be used in breeding programs of the Republic of Kazakhstan to develop high-yielding and high-quality naked oat cultivars

Изучение множественного встраивания модифицированных нуклеотидов в растущую цепь ДНК

Objectives. This study investigated the substrate properties of the modified derivatives of triphosphates of purine and pyrimidine deoxynucleosides (5-propynyl-2’-deoxyuridine-5’-triphosphate, 5-propynyl2’-deoxycytidine-5’-triphosphate, 5-methyl-2’-deoxycytidine-5’-triphosphate, and N6-methyl-2’-deoxyadenosine-5’-triphosphate) during their simultaneous incorporation in enzymatic reactions (polymerase chain and primer extension reactions).Methods. The real-time polymerase chain and primer extension reactions were used to study the substrate efficiency of modified deoxynucleotide triphosphates. Various pairwise combinations of modified derivatives were used; specially designed synthetic DNA fragments and libraries for the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment technology were used as templates. Reactions were conducted using DNA polymerases: Taq, Vent (exo-), DeepVent (exo-), and KOD XL.Results. In each case, a pair of compounds (modified dUTP + dCTP, dUTP + dATP, and dCTP + dATP) was selected to study the simultaneous incorporation into the growing DNA strand. The most effective combinations of nucleotides for simultaneous insertion were dU and dC, having 5-propynyl substitution. The Vent (exo-) DNA polymerase was found as the most effective for the modified substrates.Conclusions. The selected compounds can be used for the enzymatic preparation of modified DNA, including aptamers with extended physicochemical properties. Цели. Целью данной работы является изучение субстратных свойств модифицированных производных трифосфатов дезоксинуклеозидов пуриновой и пиримидиновой природы (5-пропинил-2’-дезоксиуридин-5’-трифосфат, 5-пропинил-2’-дезоксицитидин-5’-трифосфат, 5-метил-2’-дезоксицитидин-5’-трифосфат, N6-метил-2’-дезоксиаденозин-5’-трифосфат) при их одновременном встраивании в процессе ферментативных реакций (полимеразной цепной реакции и реакции удлинения праймера).Методы. В работе для изучения субстратной эффективности модифицированных трифосфатов дезоксинуклеозидов использовали методы полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени и реакции удлинения праймера. Использовали различные попарные сочетания модифицированных производных, в качестве матриц применяли специальным образом сконструированные синтетические фрагменты ДНК и библиотеки для SELEX. Реакции проводили с применением ДНК-полимераз: Taq, Vent (exo-), DeepVent (exo-) и KOD XL.Результаты. В каждом случае из исследуемых соединений выбирали пару соединений (модифицированные dUTP + dCTP, dUTP + dATP, dCTP + dATP) для изучения одновременного встраивания в растущую цепь ДНК. Найдены наиболее эффективные сочетания нуклеотидов для одновременного встраивания, а именно: dU и dC, имеющие 5-пропинильный заместитель. Также найдена наиболее эффективная (из протестированных) ДНК-полимераза: Vent (exo-).Выводы. Выбранные соединения можно использовать для ферментативного получения модифицированных ДНК, в частности аптамеров с расширенными физико-химическими свойствами.