Influence of prey patch dispersion and density on energy expenditure for guillemots and razorbills.

<p>Simulations of proportional daily time budgets and daily energy expenditure (DEE) for guillemots (A, B) and razorbills (C, D) where: (1) prey becomes more patchily distributed requiring more flight time between patches and more foraging time to meet energetic needs (A, C); and (2) prey decreases in density within patches, requiring more foraging time, but distribution is unchanged (B, D). Asterisks indicate the proportion of time activity budget which is the mean across all recoded activity budgets of birds of each species, respectively (see Appendix S4 and S5 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>).</p

(A) Mean prey species by frequency, energetic proportion, and size [31] for adults used in the bio-energetics model, and (B) prey species by frequency, energetic proportion for chicks used in the bio-energetics model.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone-0079915-t002" target="_blank">Table 2A:</a> A division of 60 mm was chosen for 0-group sandeel and 1+ group sandeel based on fish collected from flight-netting puffins <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915-Wanless1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. Proportions for guillemots are expressed as means across years of data collection – see Appendix S3 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for full data.</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone-0079915-t002" target="_blank">Table 2B:</a> See Appendix S1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for more information on decisions used on raw data from all-day watches to estimate prey proportions for chicks.</p>a<p>Based on regurgitated samples from the Isle of May 2003 - 2007 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915-Wilson3" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p>b<p>Using the same 0-group prey size as guillemots.</p>c<p>Mean length value converted to energy <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915-Wilson3" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p>d<p>Information on the size of prey items deleivered to chicks are presented in Appendix S1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>.</p

Prey capture rates from the bio-energetics model from 10,000 MC simulations assessed under a standard diet for both species (prey sizes, prey proportions).

<p>Prey capture rates from the bio-energetics model from 10,000 MC simulations assessed under a standard diet for both species (prey sizes, prey proportions).</p

Parameter estimates used in the bio-energetics model for adult birds.

<p>See text and Appendix S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079915#pone.0079915.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for metabolic relationships.</p

Sensitivity analysis of parameters used in Monte Carlo simulation, shown here for prey per dive.

<p>The three highest CV values and hence the variables giving most influence in calculation of prey capture rates, are highlighted in bold for both species.</p

Lesser Black-backed Gull flight height data

This file was created with R. 'Bird.id', 'date_time', 'latitude', 'longitude', 'altitude', 'positiondop' and 'speed' were collected by GPS tags. 'Positiondop' is dilution of precision. 'Altitude' is measured in m and 'speed' in km/h. 'Marine' denotes observations over land (0) or sea (1), derived from overlaying the GPS measurements on a map in ArcGIS. 'Coastal' donates observations at sea but within 200 m of the coast (1) or further from the coast (0), again derived in ArcGIS. Tidal data ('tidal.state' in m) were from the British Oceanographic Data Centre (https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/online_delivery/ntslf/), using tide gauge from Harwich. Surface elevation ('land_height' in m) was obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 90 m digital elevation data (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/), aggregated at the 1 km square level. Sunrise and sunset information was obtained using the NOAA Sunrise/Sunset Calculator (http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/sunrise.html)

Great Skua flight height data

This file was created with R. 'Bird.id', 'date_time', 'latitude', 'longitude', 'altitude', 'positiondop' and 'speed' were collected by GPS tags. 'Positiondop' is dilution of precision. 'Altitude' is measured in m and 'speed' in km/h. 'Marine' denotes observations over land (0) or sea (1), derived from overlaying the GPS measurements on a map in ArcGIS. Tidal data ('tidal.state' in m) were from the British Oceanographic Data Centre (https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/online_delivery/ntslf/), using tide gauge from Lerwick and Wick. Surface elevation ('land_height' in m) was obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 90 m digital elevation data (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/), aggregated at the 1 km square level. Sunrise and sunset information was obtained using the NOAA Sunrise/Sunset Calculator (http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/sunrise.html)

Appendix A1 from Bird and bat species' global vulnerability to collision mortality at wind farms revealed through a trait-based assessment

Supplementary figure for the location of onshore wind farms included in this study

Appendix A1 from Bird and bat species' global vulnerability to collision mortality at wind farms revealed through a trait-based assessment

Supplementary figure for the location of onshore wind farms included in this study

Appendix A6 from Bird and bat species' global vulnerability to collision mortality at wind farms revealed through a trait-based assessment

Summary of model predictions of collisions per turbine per year for families of birds and bats