Game analysis of the knowledge sharing mechanism for the supply chain collaborative innovation

Purpose: In information economy era, innovation is the key to improve the competitiveness of enterprises. The traditional way of enterprise innovation is outdated and supply chain collaborative innovation has becoming popular. This paper aims to analyze the mechanism of knowledge sharing between enterprises in supply chain collaborative innovation. Design/methodology/approach: This paper analyzes the supply chain members’ willingness to share knowledge by using the game theory. The result of knowledge sharing between two companies is analyzed by using the evolutionary game. Findings: We broke the knowledge sharing process in supply chain collaborative innovation into knowledge mining and knowledge transferring. We got the best knowledge sharing strategy of each supply chain member. We gave the influencing factors of knowledge sharing between members for the knowledge sharing mechanisms in supply chain collaborative innovation. Research limitations/implications: We didn’t study the willingness of more than two supply chain members to share knowledge and the result of knowledge sharing between them. And this situation is more realistic. Practical implications: Our findings can help to improve the effect of knowledge sharing in supply chain collaborative innovation.Originality/value: The paper introduces the game theory to knowledge sharing between members in supply chain collaborative innovation, deepens the understanding of knowledge sharing in supply chain collaborative innovation, and gives some interesting findings.Peer Reviewe

Representations of Selected Aspects of Chemistry in Secondary School Chemistry Textbooks from Different Chinese Communities

This thesis is composed of four studies. It focuses on representations of selected aspects of chemistry in secondary school chemistry textbooks from different Chinese Communities, namely from the Peoplea s Republic of China, Taiwan, and the Chinese minority in Malaysia. The first study looks at the representation of the intended curriculum in grade 10 chemistry textbooks, identifying similarities and differences concerning the curriculum orientation of the seven sets of textbooks (more detail in Chapter 3, Section 3.1). The first study finds different characteristics of the intended curriculum in different Chinese communities, even though the sample shares similar ethnics, language and cultural background. This outcome, in turn, inspires us to conduct another two parallel studies (Chapter 3, Section 3.2 & 3.3), such as redox reactions and practical work. Chapter 3, Section 3.2 introduces a study on the analysis of the visual representation of redox reactions in upper secondary chemistry textbooks from PR China, Taiwan and Malaysia. The study aims at displaying how chemistry textbooks deal with visual representations of redox reactions, and further exploring if the visualizations provide any indications of the intended curriculum orientation. Chapter 3, Section 3.3 is a brief look on how practical work is presented in grade 10 chemistry textbooks and corresponding experimental textbooks from PR China, Taiwan and the Chinese minority in Malaysia. Specific instruments are adapted to analyze the type of learning, intended learning outcomes, inquiry level, and studentsa involvement, to give a basic overview of features of practical work in transferring the intended curriculum. This study explores how practical work links two domains of knowledge from observables to ideas, and makes a contribution to the body of research of practical work in secondary school chemistry education through a Chinese perspective. During the conduction on the aforementioned study, new Upper Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum Standard was released in 2017 (USSCCS) in PR China. Because the official curriculum standard serves as the guideline for textbook design, the release of the new curriculum standard inspired us to explore the differences between the new Upper Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum Standard (2017 USSCCS) and the prior Upper Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum Standard (2003 USSCCS), which are both officially released by the Ministry of Education (see Chapter 3, Section 3.4). Generally, these results show that intended curricula delivered by Taiwanese textbooks take a high degree of contextualization, while textbooks from Malaysia use a rather traditional approach. Textbooks from the Peoplea s Republic of China lie somewhere between the textbooks from Taiwan and Malaysia. Chapter 3 gives more details about the general information (Section 3.1) and richer details related to redox reactions (Section 3.2) and practical work (Section 3.3) in corresponding textbooks

Quantification and scenario analysis of CO2 emissions from the central heating supply system in China from 2006 to 2025

Policies associated with the central heating supply system affect the livelihoods of people in China. With the extensive consumption of energy for central heating, large quantities of CO2 emissions are produced each year. Coal-fired heating boiler plants are the primary source of emissions; however, thermal power plants are becoming much more prevalent, and gas-fired heating boiler plants remain uncommon. This study quantified the amount of CO2 emitted from the central heating supply system in China using a mass balance method with updated emission factors from the IPCC. Emissions increased from 189.04 Tg to 319.39 Tg between 2006 and 2015. From a spatial perspective, regions with larger central heating areas, durations and coverages produced more CO2 emissions. The central heating method depends on the level of electric power consumption, policies and regulations, and resource reserves at the local scale. Compared with the use of only coal-fired heating boiler plants to provide central heating, using thermal power plants and gas-fired heating boiler plants reduced CO2 emissions by 98.19 Tg in 2015 in China. A comparison of the CO2 emissions under various central heating scenarios showed that emissions will be 520.97 Tg, 308.79 Tg and 191.86 Tg for business as usual, positive and optimal scenarios through 2025, respectively. China has acknowledged the considerable potential for reducing central heating and will make efforts to pursue improved heating strategies in the future

Fowler-Nordheim-like local injection of photoelectrons from a silicon tip

Tunneling between a photo-excited p-type silicon tip and a gold surface is studied as a function of tip bias, tip/sample distance and light intensity. In order to extend the range of application of future spin injection experiments, the measurements are carried out under nitrogen gas at room temperature. It is found that while tunneling of valence band electrons is described by a standard process between the semiconductor valence band and the metal, the tunneling of photoelectrons obeys a Fowler-Nordheim-like process directly from the conduction band. In the latter case, the bias dependence of the photocurrent as a function of distance is in agreement with theoretical predictions which include image charge effects. Quantitative analysis of the bias dependence of the dark and photocurrent spectra gives reasonable values for the distance, and for the tip and metal work functions. For small distances image charge effects induce a vanishing of the barrier and the bias dependence of the photocurrent is exponential. In common with many works on field emission, fluctuations in the tunneling currents are observed. These are mainly attributed to changes in the prefactor for the tunneling photocurrent, which we suggest is caused by an electric-field-induced modification of the thickness of the natural oxide layer covering the tip apex.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.

The Effect of Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang on Intestinal Mucosal Mast Cells in Postinfectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome Rats

Objective. To investigate the effects of Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang (TXYF) on intestinal mucosal mast cells in rats with postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). Design. PI-IBS rat models were established using a multistimulation paradigm. Then, rats were treated with TXYF intragastrically at doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g·kg−1·d−1 for 14 days, respectively. Intestinal sensitivity was assessed based on abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores and fecal water content (FWC). Mast cell counts and the immunofluorescence of tryptase and c-Fos in intestinal mucosa were measured; and serum IL-1β, TNF-α, and histamine levels were determined. Results. AWR reactivity and FWC which were significantly increased could be observed in PI-IBS rats. Remarkably increased mast cell activation ratio in intestinal mucosa, together with increased serum TNF-α and histamine levels, could also be seen in PI-IBS rats; furthermore, PI-IBS-induced changes in mast cell activation and level of serum TNF-α and histamine could be reversed by TXYF treatment. Meanwhile, tryptase and c-Fos expression were also downregulated. Conclusion. TXYF improves PI-IBS symptoms by alleviating behavioral hyperalgesia and antidiarrhea, the underlying mechanism of which involves the inhibitory effects of TXYF on activating mucosal mast cells, downregulating tryptase and c-Fos expression, and reducing serum TNF-α and histamine levels

Broadband Linear-Dichroic Photodetector in a Black Phosphorus Vertical p-n Junction

The ability to detect light over a broad spectral range is central for practical optoelectronic applications, and has been successfully demonstrated with photodetectors of two-dimensional layered crystals such as graphene and MoS2. However, polarization sensitivity within such a photodetector remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a linear-dichroic broadband photodetector with layered black phosphorus transistors, using the strong intrinsic linear dichroism arising from the in-plane optical anisotropy with respect to the atom-buckled direction, which is polarization sensitive over a broad bandwidth from 400 nm to 3750 nm. Especially, a perpendicular build-in electric field induced by gating in black phosphorus transistors can spatially separate the photo-generated electrons and holes in the channel, effectively reducing their recombination rate, and thus enhancing the efficiency and performance for linear dichroism photodetection. This provides new functionality using anisotropic layered black phosphorus, thereby enabling novel optical and optoelectronic device applications.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures in Nature Nanotechnology 201

Development of adsorbents from municipal sewage sludge

Disposal of sewage sludge is an increasingly expensive and environmentally sensitive problem throughout the world. Preparation of carbonaceous adsorbents from sewage sludge offers an attractive re-use alternative to the traditional disposal routes. This approach is consistent with the concept of sustainable technology and waste minimisation that is receiving much attention at present throughout the world, particularly in industrialised and densely populated areas.Master of Engineering (CSE

Darstellungen ausgewählter Aspekte der Chemie in Lehrbüchern der Sekundarstufe aus verschiedenen chinesischen Gemeinschaften

This thesis is composed of four studies. It focuses on representations of selected aspects of chemistry in secondary school chemistry textbooks from different Chinese Communities, namely from the Peoplea s Republic of China, Taiwan, and the Chinese minority in Malaysia. The first study looks at the representation of the intended curriculum in grade 10 chemistry textbooks, identifying similarities and differences concerning the curriculum orientation of the seven sets of textbooks (more detail in Chapter 3, Section 3.1). The first study finds different characteristics of the intended curriculum in different Chinese communities, even though the sample shares similar ethnics, language and cultural background. This outcome, in turn, inspires us to conduct another two parallel studies (Chapter 3, Section 3.2&3.3), such as redox reactions and practical work. Chapter 3, Section 3.2 introduces a study on the analysis of the visual representation of redox reactions in upper secondary chemistry textbooks from PR China, Taiwan and Malaysia. The study aims at displaying how chemistry textbooks deal with visual representations of redox reactions, and further exploring if the visualizations provide any indications of the intended curriculum orientation. Chapter 3, Section 3.3 is a brief look on how practical work is presented in grade 10 chemistry textbooks and corresponding experimental textbooks from PR China, Taiwan and the Chinese minority in Malaysia. Specific instruments are adapted to analyze the type of learning, intended learning outcomes, inquiry level, and studentsa involvement, to give a basic overview of features of practical work in transferring the intended curriculum. This study explores how practical work links two domains of knowledge from observables to ideas, and makes a contribution to the body of research of practical work in secondary school chemistry education through a Chinese perspective. During the conduction on the aforementioned study, new Upper Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum Standard was released in 2017 (USSCCS) in PR China. Because the official curriculum standard serves as the guideline for textbook design, the release of the new curriculum standard inspired us to explore the differences between the new Upper Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum Standard (2017 USSCCS) and the prior Upper Secondary School Chemistry Curriculum Standard (2003 USSCCS), which are both officially released by the Ministry of Education (see Chapter 3, Section 3.4). Generally, these results show that intended curricula delivered by Taiwanese textbooks take a high degree of contextualization, while textbooks from Malaysia use a rather traditional approach. Textbooks from the Peoplea s Republic of China lie somewhere between the textbooks from Taiwan and Malaysia. Chapter 3 gives more details about the general information (Section 3.1) and richer details related to redox reactions (Section 3.2) and practical work (Section 3.3) in corresponding textbooks