The Study of Parameters in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Oil by Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology was applied in this study to optimize the operating parameters of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of wheat bran oil (WBO) and rice bran oil (RBO). The effect of operating temperature, pressure and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass on the oil yield were studied. First, the design was carried out following a Box-Behnken design of experiment for the WBO, the independent variables were the temperature (40, 50 and 60 oC), pressure (10, 20 and 30 MPa) and CO2 mass (400, 1825 and 3250 g). Second, 3-level factorial design for RBO, the independent variables were the temperature (45, 65 and 85 oC) and pressure (20, 27.5 and 35 MPa). The study showed that the second-order polynomial model was sufficient to be used and best fit of the data. The optimal conditions predicted within these experimental ranges were at 29.4 oC, 60 MPa and 3250 g, the maximum oil yield was 2.97 g/12g of wheat bran for the WBO. The operating temperature, pressure and CO2 mass proved significant effect in increasing the yield of WBO while these parameters increased. For the RBO, optimal conditions were at 45 oC and 35 MPa, the maximum oil yield predicted was 0.23 kg/kg of rice bran for RBO. The operating temperature increase effect in decreasing the yield of RBO while the pressure has the significant effect in increasing the RBO yield. From the result, the extraction process has not been optimized yet because the optimal operating conditions were predicted at the maximum value of each parameter. However, the suggestion is to further conduct the additional experiments in a wider range of parameters in order to get the best result and more accurate optimum value of parameters. Lastly the economic feasibility study was conducted for the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of RBO plant and it is economically justified

Utilisation du limonène comme synthon agrochimique pour la synthèse et l'extraction de produits naturels

The objective of this study was to transform limonene as an agro-chemical platform for the production of a wide range of added-value compounds for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food ingredients. This molecule was also evaluated as an alternative solvent for the extraction of several bioactive compounds compared to n-hexane. Limonene was extracted from the essential oils of orange peels through a solvent-free microwave extraction technique. Limonene was successfully transformed into products with industrial interest by catalytic oxidation using three different iron catalysts. The ability of limonene to be used as an alternative solvent was performed using two simulation tools, Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) and the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), and via experimentation. The results indicated that limonene could be a promising green solvent and synthon for petroleum substitution in the extraction or synthesis of bioactive compounds.L'objectif de cette étude est de montrer les potentialités du limonène comme une plateforme agrochimique pour la production d'une large gamme de composés à valeur ajoutée pour les industries pharmaceutique, cosmétique et agroalimentaire. Cette molécule a été évaluée en tant que synthon pour la synthèse de molécules bioactives et comme solvant alternatif à l'hexane pour l'extraction de composés bioactifs. Deux outils de simulation solvant--soluté ont été utilisés pour simuler et optimiser les potentialités du limonène : les paramètres de solubilité Hansen (HSP) et le modèle « Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents » (COSMO-RS). Les résultats indiquent que le limonène peut être un solvant vert et un synthon prometteur pour la substitution du pétrole dans l'extraction ou la synthèse de composés bioactifs.This work was supported in part thanks to funding from the fellowship given to Edinson Yara Varón (No. TECSPR14-2-0029) from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no. 600388 (TECNIOspring programme), and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia, ACCIÓ

Biosynthesis of spathulenol and camphor stand as a competitive route to artemisinin production as revealed by a new chemometric convergence approach based on nine locations’ field-grown Artemesia annua L.

Since isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) are the universal precursors of both essential oil components, and the antimalarial agent artemisinin and its derivatives in Artemesia annua L., this paper aims to correlate the spotted differences in their concentrations by screening Artemesia annua L. field-grown in nine locations around the world that may reveal the role of any these compounds as precursors or competitors in the biosynthetic pathway of the sesquiterpene lactone : artemisinin. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that artemisinin is positively correlated to β-pinene, 1.8-cineole, sabinene hydrate, borneol and 1-octen-3-ol; but negatively to artemisinic acid and β-caryophyllene oxide. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) classified locations into two distinct groups in which artemisinin concentration stood as the main driving factor to build similarities between the locations. In parallel, an improved convergence approach based on idiosyncratic similarities able to capture heterogeneity across individuals is proposed, which was able to classify compounds into four distinct clusters. Artemisinin appeared to be cross-linked to p-cymene, cis-carvyle acetate, 4-terpinene-1-ol, β-caryophyllene, β-farnesene, β-selinene, α-selinene, β-caryophyllene oxide and α-costol. It is interesting to see how camphor and spathulenol behaved as a distinct cluster group, which suggests that biosynthesis of these two compounds follows a different but a competitive pathway ; thus limiting their production could be a key to control and enhance the production of artemisinin

Development of a green procedure of citrus fruits waste processing to recover carotenoids

In this study, an original and green procedure of processing waste of the citrus fruits was developed using the concept of bio-refinery, innovative techniques “ultrasound” and “micro-wave”, and a green solvent “limonene” to recover carotenoids. Essential oil extraction was performed by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction (SFME) and compared to steam distillation (SD). The essential oil yields were comparable for both processes: 4.02 ± 0.23% for SFME and 4.16 ± 0.05% for SD. After that, carotenoid extraction from citrus peels was performed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction (CE) using d-limonene obtained starting from essential oil, as a solvent, and then compared to n-hexane extract. Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite designs (CCD) approach was launched to investigate the influence of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions of ultrasound power, temperature and time were 208Wcm−2, 20 °C and 5 min giving carotenoid content of 11.25 mg L−1. Compared to the conventional extraction, (UAE) gave an increase of 40% in carotenoid content. The comparison to n-hexane extract gave no significant changes in carotenoid content. Combination of microwave, ultrasound and d-limonene obtained from a bio-refinery of a by-product of citrus fruits industry allow us to develop a very good environmental green approach giving high added values compounds, with a saving of time, and a complete valorisation of waste

Analysis of Threaded Joint Behavior in an Airbag Module Assembly

While some of think of our cars as simply buckets of bolts , the proper design choices, applications, and assemblies of threaded fasteners/bolted joints play critical roles in automobile safety. Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS), more commonly known as airbags, help prevent vehicle occupants from being thrown forward into the dashboard or windshield in the event of a collision. The components comprising the airbag, the inflator, the backing plate, and the cover are connected to each other, and to the vehicle, through a series of threaded fasteners. Proper and timely deployment of the airbag depends largely on the selection of suitable threaded fasteners at the design stage, appropriate fastener application, and strict adherence to the module assembly process. Selecting suitable fasteners and applying fasteners appropriately requires an understanding of basic fastener concepts: thread definitions, fastener loading terms, stress and strength, and joint failure modes. Knowledge of torque, preload, torque equations, and torque control also is necessary before proper selection and application can occur. The Case Study examines a drivers\u27 side airbag module currently used on a vehicle marketed in the United States and, employing applicable design equations, determines 1.) if the design selection of the threaded fasteners is appropriate, 2.) how the threaded fasteners behave during and after airbag assembly, and during airbag deployment, and 3.) the potential problems arising from loose or missing fasteners. The thesis concludes the design and selection of the fasteners used in the airbag module concurs with the basic principles of threaded joints. Through the cases selected for the modules, the thesis generates several conditions that must be met to prevent joint failures. It is proposed that this research be used to further determine both the design selection of threaded fasteners and the assembly processes of automotive airbag manufacturing

The Study of Parameters in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Oil by Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology was applied in this study to optimize the operating parameters of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of wheat bran oil (WBO) and rice bran oil (RBO). The effect of operating temperature, pressure and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass on the oil yield were studied. First, the design was carried out following a Box-Behnken design of experiment for the WBO, the independent variables were the temperature (40, 50 and 60 oC), pressure (10, 20 and 30 MPa) and CO2 mass (400, 1825 and 3250 g). Second, 3-level factorial design for RBO, the independent variables were the temperature (45, 65 and 85 oC) and pressure (20, 27.5 and 35 MPa). The study showed that the second-order polynomial model was sufficient to be used and best fit of the data. The optimal conditions predicted within these experimental ranges were at 29.4 oC, 60 MPa and 3250 g, the maximum oil yield was 2.97 g/12g of wheat bran for the WBO. The operating temperature, pressure and CO2 mass proved significant effect in increasing the yield of WBO while these parameters increased. For the RBO, optimal conditions were at 45 oC and 35 MPa, the maximum oil yield predicted was 0.23 kg/kg of rice bran for RBO. The operating temperature increase effect in decreasing the yield of RBO while the pressure has the significant effect in increasing the RBO yield. From the result, the extraction process has not been optimized yet because the optimal operating conditions were predicted at the maximum value of each parameter. However, the suggestion is to further conduct the additional experiments in a wider range of parameters in order to get the best result and more accurate optimum value of parameters. Lastly the economic feasibility study was conducted for the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of RBO plant and it is economically justified

Rapid extraction of volatile compounds from Citrus fruits using a microwave dry distillation

Three different extraction methods were used for a comparative study of essential oil (EO) from fresh Citrus peels: Traditional hydrodistillation (HD), cold pressing (CP) and innovative microwave ‘dry’ distillation or microwave-accelerated distillation (MAD). The microwave process offers significant advantages over conventional alternatives, viz. shorter distillation period (30 min vs. 3 h for hydrodistillation and 1 h for cold pressing); better yields (0.24% vs. 0.21% for HD and 0.054% for CP); environmental impact (energy charge is noticeably superior for performing HD and for mechanical motors (CP) than that necessary for quick MAD assay); cleaner features (as no remains creation and no solvent or water used); raises antibacterial properties ; and offers a more precious EO (with high amounts of oxygenated compounds).Keywords: Microwave extraction; Hydrodistillation; Cold pressing; Essential oil; Citru

Effect of L-arginine on Solubility of CO2 in Choline Chloride + Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

AbstractIn the present study, measurements on the solubility of CO2 based on the pressure drop method in mixtures of (choline chloride (ChCl) + glycerol) + L-arginine at various molar ratios (1:2:0, 1:2:0.1, 1:2:0.2, 1:3:0, 1:3:0.1, 1:3:0.2, 1:4:0, 1:4:0.1 and 1:4:0.2) were experimentally screened at 303.15K and pressures up to approximately 20bar. Based on the results of this screening, (ChCl + glycerol) + L-arginine mixture at 1:2:0.1 molar ratio exhibited the highest solubility of CO2 and further experimental measurements on the solubility of CO2 in this mixture were carried out at temperatures ranging from 303.15 to 323.15K and pressures up to approximately 70bar. The effect of L-arginine on the solubility of CO2 in ChCl + glycerol based DESs were observed. The results showed that L-arginine improved the solubility of CO2 in (ChCl + glycerol) + L-arginine mixtures. Besides, the solubility of CO2 increased with increasing pressure and decreased with increasing temperature. Henry's law constant, enthalpy and entropy of dissolution were calculated from the correlation of experimental solubility data

The effect of ultrasound pretreatment on some selected physicochemical properties of black cumin (Nigella Sativa)

Background In the present study, the effects of ultrasound pretreatment parameters including irradiation time and power on the quantity of the extracted phenolic compounds quantity as well as on some selected physicochemical properties of the extracted oils including oil extraction efficiency, acidity and peroxide values, color, and refractive index of the extracted oil of black cumin seeds with the use of cold press have been studied. Methods For each parameter, three different levels (30, 60, and 90 W) for the ultrasound power and (30, 45, and 60 min) and for the ultrasound irradiation time were studied. Each experiment was performed in three replications. Results The achieved results revealed that, with enhancements in the applied ultrasound power, the oil extraction efficiency, acidity value, total phenolic content, peroxide value, and color parameters increased significantly (P 0.05). Conclusions In summary, it could be mentioned that the application of ultrasound pretreatment in the oil extraction might improve the oil extraction efficiency, the extracted oil’s quality, and the extracted phenolic compounds content.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio