565 research outputs found

    A new fast method for ceramic foam impregnation: Application to the CCVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes

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    A new process that allows preparing, in a single step, good washcoats of catalytic materials for the catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in reticulated ceramic foams is reported. It is shown that the washcoats, obtained by impregnation using viscous slurries made of finely divided powders dispersed in different media, cover the total surface of foams with good adhesions. The catalytic activity with regards to the CNT synthesis is finally verified, showing that our new fast impregnation process makes possible to get materials with final architectures suitable for heterogeneous catalysis applications

    CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics from co-precipitation method: Dielectric properties of pellets and thick films

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    Dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO)-based ceramics and thick films (e ∌50m) prepared from powders synthesized by a soft chemistry method (co-precipitation) are presented and discussed. The characteristics of pellets and thick films are compared. The pellets exhibit high values of the dielectric permittivity (Δr ∌1.4×105) and relatively small dielectric losses (tan ÎŽ ∌0.16) at 1 kHz and room temperature. These properties are independent of the nature of the metallization of the electrodes. In addition, the dielectric permittivity decreases when the diameter of the electrodes of the pellets increases, while the losses remain constant. This result, which is strongly related to the nature of the dielectric material in between the electrodes, constitutes a strong indication that the high dielectric permittivity values observed in this material are not related to an interfacial (electrode material) related mechanism but is an internal barrier layer capacitor (IBLC) type. Very high values of the dielectric permittivity of CCTO thick films are measured (Δr ∌5×104). The differences in dielectric permittivity between thick films and dense pellets may be attributed to the difference in grain size due to different CuO contents, and to the different reactivity of the materials

    Simulation numérique de la propagation d'une source laser incohérente dans une fibre optique

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    International audienceLe prĂ©sent travail concerne les lasers Ă  fibre impulsionnels de puissance de type MOPFA (oscillateur laser maĂźtre suivi d'un amplificateur Ă  fibre). Un travail expĂ©rimental a permis d'Ă©tablir que les non-linĂ©aritĂ©s observĂ©es (effet Kerr, mĂ©lange Ă  quatre ondes, effet Raman) pouvaient ĂȘtre de nature trĂšs diffĂ©rentes selon les caractĂ©ristiques de la source issue du laser maĂźtre sans toutefois permettre de dĂ©terminer si la statistique des photons est seule responsable des diffĂ©rents scĂ©narios non-linĂ©aires observĂ©s. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un code de simulation numĂ©rique afin de pouvoir valider l'hypothĂšse selon laquelle les propriĂ©tĂ©s du laser maĂźtre en termes de cohĂ©rence jouent un rĂŽle prĂ©pondĂ©rant dans la manifestation des non-linĂ©aritĂ©s

    Elaboration, by tape casting, of an SOFC half cell for low temperature applications

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    International audienceThese last past years, a major interest has been devoted to decrease the working temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) down to about 700°C. In this respect, materials with a high ionic conductivity at low temperature have to be found and the rpocess to elaborate fuel cells, using these new materials, has to be developed .....

    Catalytic Membrane Reactor: Multilayer membranes elaboration

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    International audienceMethane conversion to syngas is very attractive for hydrogen or clean fuel production and provides an alternative to oil products. An efficient architecture for the membrane reactor is constituted of a porous support, a thin dense membrane and a catalyst layer. This work is focused on the elaboration process of such asymmetric membranes by co-sintering of at least the porous support and the dense membrane and specially the choice of well adapted materials. La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.7Ga0.3O3-ÎŽ perovskite material has been chosen as the dense membrane because it exhibits a good compromise between oxygen flux and stability. The choice of the material for the porous support is mainly oriented by the sintering behaviour of the membrane, the thermal expansion behaviour of both layers to avoid cracks formation under working conditions and the chemical inertness of both materials. Several formulations fulfilling these three requirements were synthesized by liquid phase reaction and tape-cast. A pore forming agent was added in the support tapecasting slurry in order to create a controlled porosity. Then, the porous support has been characterized in term of gas permeability and thermal expansion under working conditions. Keywords: Ceramic membrane, co-sintering, perovskite, syngas, mixed conducting materials

    Oxygen permeation and dimensional stability under pO2 gradient of (La,Sr)(Fe, Ga)O3-delta perovskite membranes

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    International audienceNatural gas conversion into syngas, is very attractive for hydrogen or cleanfuel production and provides a new alternative to oil products ......

    MODELISATION DU TRANSPORT DE L'OXYGENE A TRAVERS UN OXYDE CONDUCTEUR MIXTE

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    National audienceLa production actuelle d'oxygĂšne pure est rĂ©alisĂ©e essentiellement par cryogĂ©nie (-180 °C). Or de nombreux procĂ©dĂ©s industriels, comme le reformage du mĂ©thane, utilisent ce gaz Ă  haute tempĂ©rature (entre 650 et 1000 °C suivant le procĂ©dĂ©). Il en rĂ©sulte une perte Ă©nergĂ©tique importante. Une des solutions envisagĂ©es est la sĂ©paration de l'oxygĂšne contenu dans l'air Ă  haute tempĂ©rature via une membrane cĂ©ramique dense prĂ©sentant des propriĂ©tĂ©s de conduction mixte. Ces membranes ont une structure pĂ©rovskite sous-stoechiomĂ©trique, qui induit la formation de lacune d'oxygĂšne favorisant une conduction ionique d'oxygĂšne. De plus, la structure pĂ©rovskite implique un nombre important de cations favorisant une conduction Ă©lectrique. À haute tempĂ©rature, lorsque la membrane est soumise Ă  un gradient de pression partielle d'oxygĂšne, les anions d'oxygĂšne diffusent Ă  travers celle-ci. Les Ă©lectrons diffusent dans le sens opposĂ©, afin d'assurer l'Ă©lectroneutralitĂ©. Cela est dĂ» Ă  la propriĂ©tĂ© de semi-permĂ©ation de l'oxygĂšne qui correspond Ă  l'ensemble des mĂ©canismes de transport Ă  travers la membrane (en surface et en volume). La structure cristalline n'est toutefois pas modifiĂ©e par cette migration d'espĂšces. Pour la majoritĂ© des conducteurs mixtes, la semi-permĂ©ation induit des dĂ©formations dites chimiques du mĂȘme ordre de grandeur que la dilatation thermique. Ainsi pour Ă©valuer les contraintes que subit la membrane au sein d'un rĂ©acteur en fonctionnement, un modĂšle thermo-chimio-mĂ©canique contenant une modĂ©lisation complĂšte de la semi-permĂ©ation est indispensable. AprĂšs avoir dĂ©crit les phĂ©nomĂšnes de la semi-permĂ©ation mis en jeu, plusieurs modĂšles d'Ă©changes ioniques en surfaces seront Ă©tudiĂ©s. Finalement, un nouveau modĂšle sera proposĂ©

    Etude et modĂ©lisation du comportement thermo‐chimio-­mĂ©canique des oxydes conducteurs mixtes

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    National audienceLa sĂ©paration de l'oxygĂšne de l'air est couramment rĂ©alisĂ©e par distillation cryogĂ©nique. Depuis un peu plus de 30 ans, les oxydes conducteurs mixtes semblent constituer une alternative intĂ©ressante pour la production d'oxygĂšne ultra pur. L'oxygĂšne est sĂ©parĂ© de l'air, Ă  haute tempĂ©rature, par conduction ionique Ă  travers une membrane cĂ©ramique dense. Tous les procĂ©dĂ©s nĂ©cessitant de l'oxygĂšne (oxycombustion, mĂ©tallurgie, domaine mĂ©dical, ...) sont des applications possibles de cette technologie. Les conducteurs mixtes sont des matĂ©riaux cĂ©ramiques dans lesquels deux espĂšces chimiques se dĂ©placent : une espĂšce ionique et une espĂšce Ă©lectronique. Le rapport des conductivitĂ©s Ă©lectroniques et ioniques est tel que la neutralitĂ© Ă©lectrique est conservĂ©e. Cette propriĂ©tĂ© est obtenue par dopage d'une cĂ©ramique (le plus souvent de structure perovskite) qui gĂ©nĂšre la prĂ©sence de dĂ©fauts, notamment des lacunes d'oxygĂšne. Le composĂ© est alors qualifiĂ© de sous-stƓchiomĂ©trique en oxygĂšne. Les Ă©carts Ă  la stƓchiomĂ©trie sont fonction de l'oxyde de dĂ©part, de la tempĂ©rature et de l'activitĂ© chimique des composĂ©s. En service, la fluctuation de la stoĂ©chiomĂ©trie, rĂ©sultant du chargement thermique et du flux des ions oxygĂšne Ă  travers la membrane, occasionne des dĂ©formations du rĂ©seau cristallin qui se traduisent macroscopiquement par une dĂ©formation de la membrane et une modification (faible) des propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques. Afin de confirmer le rĂŽle de ces dĂ©formations dites "chimiques" dans la rupture des membranes et d'Ă©tudier l'influence de paramĂštres telles que la gĂ©omĂ©trie (scellement cĂ©ramique/mĂ©tal) ou les conditions opĂ©ratoires, un modĂšle macroscopique du comportement thermo-chimio-mĂ©canique de ces cĂ©ramiques a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© et implĂ©mentĂ© dans le logiciel Abaqus. La modĂ©lisation est relativement complĂšte, tant du point de vue du comportement de la membrane que des sollicitations : la dĂ©formation chimique est prise en compte par l'intermĂ©diaire d'un comportement thermomĂ©canique dĂ©diĂ© ; le transport ionique de l'oxygĂšne est Ă©galement reproduit via une loi de transport dĂ©diĂ©e, en lien avec l'Ă©volution du champ de tempĂ©rature. La simulation d'essais de dilatomĂ©trie sous diffĂ©rentes atmosphĂšres contrĂŽlĂ©es permet d'illustrer les capacitĂ©s actuelles du modĂšle ainsi que ses limites. Enfin, ce modĂšle a permis de simuler les diffĂ©rentes phases de fonctionnement d'un rĂ©acteur pilote, dĂ©veloppĂ© par Air Liquide. Les prĂ©visions obtenues sont pertinentes et mettent en lumiĂšre l'origine de certaines des difficultĂ©s actuelles de transfert de la technologie Ă  l'Ă©chelle industrielle

    Analysis of Heat Transfer Phenomena inside Concrete Hollow Blocks

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    During both hot and cold seasons, masonry walls play an important role in the thermal performance between the interior and the exterior of occupied spaces. It is thus essential to analyze the thermal behavior at the hollow block’s level in order to better understand the temperature and heat flux distribution in its structure and potentially limit as much as possible the heat transfer through the block. In this scope, this paper offers an experimental and numerical in-depth analysis of heat transfer phenomena inside a hollow block using a dedicated experimental setup including a well-insulated reference box and several thermocouples and fluxmeters distributed at the boundaries and inside the hollow block. The block was then numerically 3D modelled and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics under the same conditions, properties, and dimensions as the experimentally tested block. The comparison between the numerical and experimental results provides very satisfactory results with relative difference of less than 4% for the computed thermal resistance

    Oxygen permeation, thermal and chemical expansion of (La, Sr)(Fe, Ga)O3−ή perovskite membranes

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    International audienceDense ceramic membranes made from mixed conductors are interesting because of their potential applications formethane conversion into syngas (H2 and CO mixture). Such membranes need to present a low differential dimensional variation between the opposite faces submitted to a large gradient of oxygen partial pressure, in order to minimize mechanical stresses generated through the membrane thickness. Besides, high oxygen permeability is required for high methane reforming rate. La(1−x)SrxFe(1−y)GayO3−ή materials fulfil these two main requirements and were retained as membranes in catalytic membrane reactors (CMR). The variations of expansion and oxygen permeation of La(1−x)SrxFe(1−y)GayO3−ή perovskite materials with the partial substitution of lanthanum and iron cations, temperature and oxygen partial pressure, were studied. For low temperatures (800 ◩C), TEC, then dimensional stability of the membrane, and oxygen permeation of La(1−x)SrxFe(1−y)GayO3−ή materials, are significantly affected by Sr content and oxygen partial pressure. Ga has a stabilisation effect on the TEC and has no influence on oxygen permeation flux. A good compromise between dimensional stability and oxygen permeation of materials was found to be La0.7Sr0.3Fe0.7Ga0.3O3−ή compositio
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