1,069 research outputs found
Pricing Carbon Emissions in China
The purpose of the paper is to provide a clear mechanism for determining carbon emissions pricing in China as a guide to how carbon emissions might be mitigated to reduce fossil fuel pollution.
The Chinese Government has promoted the development of clean energy, including hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar energy generation. In order to involve companies in carbon emissions control, a series of regional and provincial carbon markets have been established since 2013. Since China’s carbon market was established in 2013 and mainly run domestically, and not necessarily using market principles, there has been almost no research on China’s carbon price and volatility. This paper provides an introduction to China’s regional and provincial carbon markets, proposes how to establish a national market for pricing carbon emissions, discusses how and when these markets might be established, how they might perform, and the subsequent prices for China’s regional and national carbon markets. Power generation in manufacturing consumes more than other industries, with more than 40% of total coal consumption. Apart from manufacturing, the northern China heating system also relies on fossil fuels, mainly coal, which causes serious pollution. In order to understand the regional markets well, it is necessary to analyze the energy structure in these regions.
Coal is the primary energy source in China, so that provinces that rely heavily on coal receive a greater number of carbon emissions permits from the Chinese Government. In order to establish a national carbon market for China, a detailed analysis of eight important regional markets will be presented. The four largest energy markets, namely Guangdong, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hubei, traded around 82% of the total volume and 85% of the total value of the seven markets in 2017, as the industry structure of the western area is different from that of the eastern area. The China National Development and Reform Commission has proposed a national carbon market, which can attract investors and companies to participate in carbon emissions trading. This important issue will be investigated in the paper
Establishing National Carbon Emission Prices for China
The purpose of the paper is to establish national carbon emissions prices for the
People’s Republic of China, which is one of the world’s largest producers of carbon
emissions. Several measures have been undertaken to address climate change in China,
including the establishment of a carbon trading system. Since 2013, eight regional
carbon emissions markets have been established, namely Beijing, Shanghai,
Guangdong, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hubei and Fujian. The Central
Government announced a national carbon emissions market, with power generation as
the first industry to be considered. However, as carbon emissions prices in the eight
regional markets are very different, for a variety of administrative reasons, it is essential
to create a procedure for establishing a national carbon emissions price. The regional
markets are pioneers, and their experience will play important roles in establishing a
national carbon emissions market, with national prices based on regional prices,
turnovers and volumes. The paper considers two sources of regional data for China’s
carbon allowances, which are based on primary and secondary data sources, and
compares their relative strengths and weaknesses. The paper establishes national carbon
emissions prices based on the primary and secondary regional prices, for the first time,
and compares both national prices and regional prices against each other. The carbon
emission prices in Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen and Tianjin are highly correlated with
the national prices based on the primary and secondary sources. Establishing national
carbon emissions prices should be very helpful for the national carbon emissions market
that is under construction in China, as well as for other regions and countries worldwide
Low-energy Spectra of the t-J-Type Models Studied by Variational Approach
We discuss recent progress of understanding the phenomena observed in high Tc
cuprates by studying the d-wave resonating-valence-bond (d-RVB) based trial
wave functions for the 2-dimensional t-J-type models. Treat exactly the strong
correlation between electrons by numerical approach, we examine the evolution
of ground states described by different variational wave functions and
properties of the quasi-hole and -particle excitations of the d-RVB
superconducting (SC) state. Properties related to the Fermi surface geometry
deduced from quasi-hole energy dispersion of the SC state is shown to be
consistent with the observation by photoemission spectroscopy. With the
calculated spectral weights (SW's) for adding and removing an electron, we
found not only the anti-correlation between conductance peak height and width
between peaks seen in tunneling experiments, but also unique properties due to
strong correlation which need to be verified by future experiments.Comment: 6 revtex pages with 5 (.eps) figures. To appear in a special volume
of Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials for the ICM 2006 proceeding
Assessing impacts of typhoons and the Chi-Chi earthquake on Chenyulan watershed landscape pattern in Central Taiwan using landscape metrics
The Chi-Chi earthquake (M-L = 7.3) occurred in the central part of Taiwan on September 21, 1999. After the earthquake, typhoons Xangsane and Toraji produced heavy rainfall that fell across the eastern and central parts of Taiwan on November 2000 and July 2001. This study uses remote sensing data, landscape metrics, multivariate statistical analysis, and spatial autocorrelation to assess how earthquake and typhoons affect landscape patterns. It addresses variations of the Chenyulan watershed in Nantou County, near the earthquake's epicenter and crossed by Typhoon Toraji. The subsequent disturbances have gradually changed landscape of the Chenyulan watershed. Disturbances of various types, sizes, and intensities, following various tracks, have various effects on the landscape patterns and variations of the Chenyulan watershed. The landscape metrics that are obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the disturbances produced variously fragmented patches, interspersed with other patches and isolated from patches of the same type across the entire Chenyulan watershed. The disturbances also affected the isolation, size, and shape-complexity of patches at the landscape and class levels. The disturbances at the class level more strongly affected spatial variations in the landscape as well as patterns of grasslands and bare land, than variations in the watershed farmland and forest. Moreover, the earthquake with high magnitude was a starter to create these landscape variations in space in the Chenyulan watershed. The cumulative impacts of the disturbances on the watershed landscape pattern had existed, especially landslides and grassland in the study area, but were not always evident in space and time in landscape and other class levels
Establishing National Carbon Emission Prices for China
The purpose of the paper is to establish national carbon emissions prices for the
People’s Republic of China, which is one of the world’s largest producers of carbon
emissions. Several measures have been undertaken to address climate change in China,
including the establishment of a carbon trading system. Since 2013, eight regional
carbon emissions markets have been established, namely Beijing, Shanghai,
Guangdong, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hubei and Fujian. The Central
Government announced a national carbon emissions market, with power generation as
the first industry to be considered. However, as carbon emissions prices in the eight
regional markets are very different, for a variety of administrative reasons, it is essential
to create a procedure for establishing a national carbon emissions price. The regional
markets are pioneers, and their experience will play important roles in establishing a
national carbon emissions market, with national prices based on regional prices,
turnovers and volumes. The paper considers two sources of regional data for China’s
carbon allowances, which are based on primary and secondary data sources, and
compares their relative strengths and weaknesses. The paper establishes national carbon
emissions prices based on the primary and secondary regional prices, for the first time,
and compares both national prices and regional prices against each other. The carbon
emission prices in Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen and Tianjin are highly correlated with
the national prices based on the primary and secondary sources. Establishing national
carbon emissions prices should be very helpful for the national carbon emissions market
that is under construction in China, as well as for other regions and countries worldwide
Spin Fluctuation and Persistent Current in a Mesoscopic Ring Coupled to a Quantum Dot
We investigate the persistent current influenced by the spin fluctuations in
a mesoscopic ring weakly coupled to a quantum dot. It is shown that the Kondo
effect gives rise to some unusual features of the persistent current in the
limit where the charge transfer between two subsystems is suppressed. Various
aspects of the crossover from a delocalized to a localized dot limit are
discussed in relation with the effect of the coherent response of the Kondo
cloud to the Aharonov-Bohm flux.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Theory of coherent acoustic phonons in InGaN/GaN multi-quantum wells
A microscopic theory for the generation and propagation of coherent LA
phonons in pseudomorphically strained wurzite (0001) InGaN/GaN multi-quantum
well (MQW) p-i-n diodes is presented. The generation of coherent LA phonons is
driven by photoexcitation of electron-hole pairs by an ultrafast Gaussian pump
laser and is treated theoretically using the density matrix formalism. We use
realistic wurzite bandstructures taking valence-band mixing and strain-induced
piezo- electric fields into account. In addition, the many-body Coulomb
ineraction is treated in the screened time-dependent Hartree-Fock
approximation. We find that under typical experimental conditions, our
microscopic theory can be simplified and mapped onto a loaded string problem
which can be easily solved.Comment: 20 pages, 17 figure
Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Sites - Astrophysics Issues in our Understanding of Cosmic Rays
Laboratory experiments to explore plasma conditions and stimulated particle
acceleration can illuminate aspects of the cosmic particle acceleration
process. Here we discuss the cosmic-ray candidate source object variety, and
what has been learned about their particle-acceleration characteristics. We
identify open issues as discussed among astrophysicists. -- The cosmic ray
differential intensity spectrum is a rather smooth power-law spectrum, with two
kinks at the "knee" (~10^15 eV) and at the "ankle" (~3 10^18 eV). It is unclear
if these kinks are related to boundaries between different dominating sources,
or rather related to characteristics of cosmic-ray propagation. We believe that
Galactic sources dominate up to 10^17 eV or even above, and the extragalactic
origin of cosmic rays at highest energies merges rather smoothly with Galactic
contributions throughout the 10^15--10^18 eV range. Pulsars and supernova
remnants are among the prime candidates for Galactic cosmic-ray production,
while nuclei of active galaxies are considered best candidates to produce
ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays of extragalactic origin. Acceleration processes
are related to shocks from violent ejections of matter from energetic sources
such as supernova explosions or matter accretion onto black holes. Details of
such acceleration are difficult, as relativistic particles modify the structure
of the shock, and simple approximations or perturbation calculations are
unsatisfactory. This is where laboratory plasma experiments are expected to
contribute, to enlighten the non-linear processes which occur under such
conditions.Comment: accepted for publication in EPJD, topical issue on Fundamental
physics and ultra-high laser fields. From review talk at "Extreme Light
Infrastructure" workshop, Sep 2008. Version-2 May 2009: adjust some wordings
and references at EPJD proofs stag
Mitochondrial DNA and trade data support multiple origins of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil
The Old World bollworm Helicoverpa armigera
is now established in Brazil but efforts to identify
incursion origin(s) and pathway(s) have met with limited success due to the patchiness of available data. Using international agricultural/horticultural commodity trade data and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt
b) gene markers, we inferred the origins and incursion
pathways into Brazil. We detected 20 mtDNA haplotypes from six Brazilian states, eight of which were new to our 97 global COI-Cyt b haplotype database. Direct sequence matches indicated five Brazilian haplotypes had Asian, African, and European origins. We identified 45 parsimoniously informative
sites and multiple substitutions per site within the concatenated (945 bp) nucleotide dataset, implying that probabilistic phylogenetic analysis methods are needed. High diversity and signatures of uniquely shared haplotypes with diverse localities combined with the trade data suggested multiple incursions
and introduction origins in Brazil. Increasing agricultural/horticultural trade activities between the
Old and New Worlds represents a significant biosecurity risk factor. Identifying pest origins will enable resistance profiling that reflects countries of origin to be included when developing a resistance
management strategy, while identifying incursion pathways will improve biosecurity protocols and risk
analysis at biosecurity hotspots including national portsESC and IBM were supported by CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, the Brazilian Government’s, Science without
Boarders (Ciência sem Fronteiras) summer internship program (242166/2012–1 (ESC); 209297/2013-1
(IBM)), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) scholarships. CA was
supported by a CSIRO OCE Post Doctoral Fellowship (R-03255-01). WTT and TKW acknowledged funing
support from CSIRO Health & Biosecurity ‘Genes of Biosecurity Significance’ (R-8681-1). CC acknowledges
funding support from FAPEG (Fundação de amparo a pesquisa do estado de Goiás) (Grant number:
Helicoverpa/2013102670001419)
High-temperature deformation behavior of a gamma TiAl alloy-microstructural evolution and mechanisms
The present investigation was carried out in the context of the internal-variable theory of inelastic deformation and the dynamic-materials model (DMM), to shed light on the high-temperature deformation mechanisms in TiAl. A series of load-relaxation tests and tensile tests were conducted on a fine-grained duplex gamma TiAl alloy at temperatures ranging from 800 degreesC to 1050 degreesC. Results of the load-relaxation tests, in which the deformation took place at an infinitesimal level (epsilon congruent to 0.05), showed that the deformation behavior of the alloy was well described by the sum of dislocation-glide and dislocation-climb processes. To investigate the deformation behavior of the fine-grained duplex gamma TiAl alloy at a finite strain level, processing maps were constructed on the basis of a DMM. For this purpose, compression tests were carried out at temperatures ranging from 800 degreesC to 1250 degreesC using strain rates ranging from 10 to 10(-4)/s. Two domains were identified and characterized in the processing maps obtained at finite strain levels (0.2 and 0.6). One domain was found in the region of 980 degreesC and 10(-3)/s with a peak efficiency (maximum efficiency of power dissipation) of 48 pct and was identified as a domain of dynamic recrystallization (DRx) from microstructural observations. Another domain with a peak efficiency of 64 pct was located in the region of 1250 degreesC and 10(-4)/s and was considered to be a domain of superplasticity.ope
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