733 research outputs found
Criminal ProcedureâSupreme Court Narrows Scope of Summary Procedures in Federal Criminal Contempt Convictions
Under its power to supervise the administration of justice in the federal courts, the Supreme Court has severely circumscribed the use of summary proceedings to punish for contempt of court
Klinische erfahrungen und angiomyographische Kontrolle mit einem neuen Glutisal-buton-versuchspraparat
Die Autoren haben uber ihre Erfahrungen mit dem neuen Glutisal- Versuchspraparat - einer Kombination von Salicylamid und Dimethyl- aminophenyldimethylpyrazolon im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung von 350 Patienten berichtet. Es wurden vor und wahrend der Behandlung instrumentell die Schmerzempfindlichkeit, die Funktion der quergestreiften Muskulatur (Tonus und Kontraktionsamplitude), Kreislauf, Nerven- und Gelenkfunk·
tion mit dem Myotonometer und Angioneuromyographen (nach SZIRMAI), Oszillometer, Oszillographen, Angiometer registriert. Es wurde die Harn- saureausscheidung bei Gichtfallen registriert. Die Autoren fanden, daβ das Praparat die Erkaltungen, verschiedene rheumatische Erkrankungen sowie Gicht gunstig beeinflusst. Die Vertra-
glichkeit war sehr gut.</p
LÄnghorningar i mindre hackspetthabitat : en feromonbaserad inventering av lÄnghorningar i södra Sverige
The understanding of speciesâ ecology and their trophic interactions, are crucial in the work of
conservation. A population decline in a predatory species may be a result of a decline in their
food source, a trophic level down. Then an understanding of why the predatorâs food source
has declined is needed, to be able to pinpoint conservation actions. In Swedish forests one
such trophic interaction is between dead wood, saproxylic insects and woodpeckers. Modern
forestry of clear cuttings and monoculture plantations of coniferous trees, has changed many
Swedish forests to be less diverse in tree species, age classes of trees, types of dead wood,
denser and hence also deficits in dead deciduous wood. As a result, insects in Swedish forests
have declined. Most longhorn beetle species (Cerambycidae) larvae are saproxylic and have
different niches. Niches such as specific host trees, age classes of trees, types of wood and
different succession stages of decomposed dead wood. Of the 118 species of longhorn beetles
in Sweden, 46 were red listed in the 2020 Swedish red list evaluation. Lesser spotted
woodpecker (Dryobates minor) is a small woodpecker preferring open broadleaf forests.
Between 1975-1991 the Swedish population decreased by approximately 50% and today D.
minor is classified as Near Threatened, according to the 2020 Swedish red list evaluation.
Studies in southern Sweden have shown that the most important factor influencing
reproduction success in D. minor is the prey density several weeks to months before breeding.
During that time they feed on wood living insect larvae, mainly in dead thin twigs on living
deciduous trees. Longhorn beetle larvae and pupae are probably the most important food
source. In order to understand why D. minor is threatened, their food source has to be
understood as well. In this study I used pheromone traps to monitor longhorn beetles in 34
areas between May-July, in the counties of SkÄne, Blekinge, SmÄland and VÀstergötland in
southern Sweden. Pheromone-based trapping is an effective method to monitor otherwise
elusive species and in this study pheromone blends attracting mainly Pyrrhidium sanguineum,
Phymatodes testaceus, Poecilium alni and Plagionotus arcuatus were used. The areas
monitored in this study, had been inventoried 2019-2020 by âproject lesser spotted
woodpecker at Lund Universityâ, giving occurrence information about D. minor. In this study
I found no differences in longhorn beetle abundance or longhorn beetle biodiversity between
areas inhabited or uninhabited by D. minor. Hence, no evidence was found that D. minor
habitat choice depend on the longhorn beetles studied. A strong positive association was,
however, seen between P. sanguineum and P. alni and large dissimilarities between P.
testaceus and P. alni as well as between P. sanguineum and Anaglyptus mysticus. These
associations between the species could perhaps be used in future identification of indicator
species. I also found a negative correlation between the biodiversity of longhorn beetles and
increasing latitudes, but the factors affecting longhorn beetles are not clear. Lastly, several
new localities with red listed species were found and my findings suggest that P. sanguineum,
P. alni and perhaps also A. mysticus distributions are underestimated
Expériments hématologiques nucléaires complementaires aprés irradiation totale
Les auteurs out effectue après une irradiation totale de 1200r de rats blancs des deux sexes des examens hématologiques à la suite d'irradiations ainsi que des examens physiologiques et des contrôles. Ils n'ont observe de modification importante des facteurs coagulants qu'au troisieme jour; cette modification était maximum avant la mort, c'est-à-dire au stade terminal. Les temps de coagulation naturelle ont beaucoup diminué, de même que ceux de la thrombine et ceux de la thrombine avec le bleu de toluidine, c'est-à-dire que l'héparine libérée ( = antithrombine semblable à l'héparine) a diminue. Pour les facteurs V et VII et en particulier pour la prothrombine on a observe un fort accroissement de la concentration. Les auteurs pensent que ceci est explicable par le fait que la décomposition
des tissus pendant l'irradiation entraine la libération de kinase et d'autres activateurs dans la circulation sanguine, ce qui provoque une anoxemie des tissus. D'autres expériences sont en cours en collaboration avec de nombreux spécialistes et instituts.</p
UtvÀrdering av reproduktiv prestationsförmÄga och pÄverkande skötselfaktorer hos mjölkkor hÄllna i smÄskalig produktion i Tadjikistan
Tajikistan is classed as a lower-middle-income country with 1/3 of its population living in poverty, facing several challenges restraining its development. One contributing factor of restraining the development is the low level of income â individually and nationally. Agriculture constitutes a substantial percentage of the GDP of Tajikistan, and dairy production is important for the agricultural economic gain of the country. However, 95% of the dairy cows are held under smallholder conditions and dairy production levels are low in Tajikistan, both compared to high-income and neighbouring countries. With reproductive performance being a main pillar of a high-yielding dairy production, studies aiming at evaluating and improving reproductive performance would inarguably be beneficial to increase production in the country. No such studies have, to the authorâs knowledge, previously been conducted in Tajikistan. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reproductive- performance and management of smallholder dairy cows in Tajikistan.
70 farms and 88 individual cows were included in the study, distributed in 5 different districts around the capital Dushanbe. The study was performed by 1) interviewing the farmers regarding management routines with possible effects on reproduction and 2) performing a clinical evaluation on individual cows to assess the reproductive performance and occurrence of clinical disorders possibly affecting it. This clinical evaluation consisted of a reproductive and general anamnesis, a general observation of 6 parameters including Body Condition Scores (BCS), examination of the udder and milk, vaginal inspection and rectal palpation. If needed cow-side milk-progesterone test was also performed. The criteria to be included in the study was to have a farm with <20 dairy cows and for examined animals to be female cows with a history of â„1 calf and â„20 days postpartum.
Results showed that the reproductive performance was affected with the most prominent challenge being a high proportion of cows with prolonged days open, leading to a prolonged calving interval and consequently production and economic losses. Prolonged days open was seen both in cows with a healthy, cyclic reproductive tract and in cows with the reproductive disorder of dominance: anoestrous. The general health of the cows was good with few overt signs of clinical disease. However, a majority of the cows had an abnormally low BCS and the cows with BCS 1 were significantly (p<0.009) less likely to be pregnant that cows with BCS 3. There was also a substantial mismatch regarding anamnestic statements and subsequent clinical findings, indicating possible gaps in management. In deed, interview answers revealed several basic management factors possibly contributing to the reduced performance and anoestrous. In conclusion, a reproductive inefficiency seems to be evident in the investigated cows in Tajikistan, leaving room for improvement in the management factors that may contribute to its existence. Improvement could lead to productive, nutritional and socioeconomic gains. However, the means to implement improvement need further investigation - even if the current results contain clues as to where one might start.Tadjikistan Ă€r klassificerat som ett lĂ„g-medelinkomst land med en befolkning dĂ€r 1/3 lever i fattigdom och landet stĂ„r inför flera utmaningar för att kunna utvecklas. En bidragande faktor som hĂ€mmar utvecklingen Ă€r den lĂ„ga inkomst-nivĂ„n, bĂ„de pĂ„ individuell och nationell nivĂ„. Jordbruket utgör en vĂ€sentlig andel av Tadjikistans BNP, dĂ€r boskapshĂ„llning och mjölkproduktion i stor utstrĂ€ckning bidrar till jordbrukets ekonomiska vinning. Trots det upptar smĂ„skaliga gĂ„rdar 95 % av jordbruket i landet och produktionsnivĂ„erna Ă€r lĂ„ga â bĂ„de i jĂ€mförelse med höginkomstlĂ€nder och grannlĂ€nder. En viktig grundförutsĂ€ttning för en effektiv mjölkproduktion Ă€r en fungerande reproduktion och studier med mĂ„l att utvĂ€rdera och förbĂ€ttra reproduktionen hos mjölkkorna vore fördelaktiga för att öka produktionen i landet. Inga sĂ„dana studier har, i författarens vetskap, utförts tidigare i Tadjikistan. DĂ€rför var mĂ„let med denna studie att utvĂ€rdera den reproduktiva prestationsförmĂ„gan och skötselfaktorer som kan pĂ„verka denna hos mjölkkor i smĂ„skalig produktion i Tadjikistan.
70 gĂ„rdar och 88 individuella kor frĂ„n 5 olika distrikt runt huvudstaden Dushanbe inkluderades i studien. Den genomfördes genom att 1) intervjua lantbrukarna angĂ„ende skötselfaktorer som kan pĂ„verka reproduktionen och 2) kliniskt utvĂ€rdera individuella kor angĂ„ende den reproduktiva prestationsförmĂ„gan samt förekomsten av kliniska störningar som kan pĂ„verka den. Den kliniska utvĂ€rderingen bestod av en generell samt en reproduktionsinriktad anamnes, en allmĂ€n observation av 6 olika parametrar inklusive Body Condition Score (BCS), undersökning av juver och mjölk, yttre inspektion av vagina och rektal palpation. Vid behov gjordes Ă€ven ett progesteronprov frĂ„n mjölken. För att inkluderas i studien krĂ€vdes att gĂ„rden hade <20 mjölkkor och att undersökta djur, förutom att vara honor, Ă€ven haft â„1 kalv och var â„20 dagar postpartum.
Resultaten visade en pÄverkad reproduktiv prestationsförmÄga, dÀr frÀmsta utmaningen var att en stor andel av korna hade ett förlÀngt intervall mellan kalvning och nÀsta drÀktighet. Det leder oundvikligen till ett förlÀngt kalvningsintervall med bÄde ekonomiska och produktionsmÀssiga förluster som konsekvens. Det förlÀngda intervallet mellan kalvning och drÀktighet sÄgs bÄde hos korna som var kliniskt friska med en normal cyklicitet och hos korna som hade den dominerande reproduktionsstörningen i studien: anöstrus. Kornas generella hÀlsa visade fÄ kliniska tecken pÄ sjukdom. DÀremot hade en majoritet av korna onormalt lÄga BCS och kor med BCS 1 hade en signifikant (p<0,009) lÀgre sannolikhet att vara drÀktiga Àn kor med BCS 3. Dessutom visades att anamnestiska uppgifter frÄn lantbrukaren ofta inte stÀmde överens med pÄföljande kliniska fynd, vilket skulle kunna peka pÄ brister i skötselrutinerna. I enlighet med detta visade intervjuerna brister i flera grundlÀggande skötselfaktorer som potentiellt kan bidra till den pÄverkade reproduktiva prestationsförmÄgan och prevalensen av anöstrus. Sammanfattningsvis verkar det finnas en ineffektivitet i reproduktionen hos korna i Tadjikistan, dÀr flera pÄvisade skötselfaktorer kan vara en del av förklaringen och skulle kunna förbÀttras. En effektivare reproduktion vore positiv dÄ det kan leda till ökade produktionsnivÄer, förbÀttrade socio-ekonomiska faktorer och bÀttre livsmedelsproduktion. Hur man bÀst gÄr tillvÀga för att nÄ en sÄdan förbÀttring krÀver vidare undersökningar, Àven om dessa resultat kan ge ledtrÄdar i var man kan pÄbörja arbetet
Dopamins roll i aptitreglering â vad vet vi om djurslaget hund?
Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att titta pĂ„ det vi vet om dopamins roll i aptitreglering idag, bĂ„de generellt och med ett veterinĂ€rmedicinskt intresse specifikt pĂ„ hund. Dopamin Ă€r transmittorsubstans i flera nervbanor i hjĂ€rnan och dess frisĂ€ttning har traditionellt kopplats starkt till att positivt förstĂ€rka nyttosamma upplevelser eller handlingar i det som kallas kroppens âbelöningssystemâ. I relation till föda och födorelaterade beteenden har man dock
pĂ„ senare tid sett att dopamin har en bredare betydelse Ă€n att enbart förstĂ€rka sjĂ€lva födointaget. I litteraturen syns dĂ€rför ett fokusskifte mot ett vidare perspektiv med hĂ€nsyn till dopamins alla, nu kĂ€nda roller â nĂ„got som vĂ€ckt insikten om det dopaminerga systemets komplexitet och frĂ„gan om det ens Ă€r möjligt att fĂ„ en helhetsbild över alla dess funktioner.
Denna litteraturstudie har undersökt delar av ett stort litteraturmaterial fram tills idag och konkluderar att trots mycket forskning Àr dopamins exakta funktioner i aptitregleringen fortfarande inte klarlagda utan det verkar fortfarande rÄda ovisshet och oenigheter. Den
generella bilden Àr att dopamin inte anses viktigt för att ett djur ska kunna konsumera föda, utan dopamins essentiella roll ligger i att skapa förutsÀttningar som ser till att ett djur faktiskt nÄr sin föda; att kunna lÀra sig vilka olika stimuli som indikerar föda, att associera en viss handling till att nÄ sitt mÄl, att motivation finns för att söka efter eller jobba för att nÄ föda, att
omvandla en tanke till motorisk handling eller för den delen delta i kommunikationen mellan olika, relevanta hjĂ€rnomrĂ„den. Dopamin verkar dessutom viktigt för att vĂ€rdera olika typer av föda, att skapa en drivkraft att jobba för det âbĂ€ttreâ alternativet i en situation dĂ€r det finns flera möjliga alternativ och att göra djuret berett att vĂ€lja den godare eller nĂ€ringsrikare men mer svĂ„rtillgĂ€ngliga födan.
Specifikt pÄ hund Àr forskningen knapphÀndig och fÄ slutsatser kan dras dÀrifrÄn utöver den generella tesen. Det verkar finnas bÄde likheter och olikheter mellan mÀnniskans och hundens dopaminerga system och utifrÄn det skulle man behöva titta nÀrmare pÄ vart eller vad det Àr
som skiljer sig. Det vore viktigt att veta vad som skiljer sig ur ett kliniskt perspektiv eftersom hunden delar mÀnniskans vardag och patologiska tillstÄnd som ses hos mÀnniska Äterspeglas i allt större grad hos vÄra husdjur. Dopamin har exempelvis sammankopplats med det överintag
av föda i samband med en fett- eller sockerrik diet som tros ligga till grund för fetma - ett ökande problem hos sÀllskapsdjur som hund. Det Àr den kliniska potentialen inom bÄde human- och djurhÀlsovÄrden som driver forskningen om dopaminsystemet framÄt, Àven om en förstÄelse för hela systemet verkar svÄrt att nÄ med dagens metoder.The purpose of this study is to examine the current knowledge of what role dopamine plays in appetite control; both generally and from a veterinary perspective regarding the domestic dog.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in several different neural circuits and its synaptic release is traditionally associated with the positive reinforcement of beneficial experiences or actions in the brains so called ârewardâ system. However, up to date research reveals that when it comes to food and food related behavior dopamine seems to have a broader significance than being a plain reward of feeding â forcing a shift of focus in the recent literature towards widening the perspective and taking all the possible roles of dopamine into consideration. As an effect this has led to the realization of how complex the dopaminergic system is and raised the question of whether it is possible to ever fully understand it.
This study reviews parts of an immense research material and concludes that in spite of the amount of research made the exact functions of dopamine in appetite control remains unclear.
Anyhow, the general opinion according to the studied material is to exclude the idea of dopamine being important for an animal to consume food. Instead dopamine is important in creating conditions for an animalâs ability to actually reach the food; the capacity of learning which stimuli that indicates food, associating a certain action with reaching the aimed goal, creating motivation to seek or work for food, translating a thought to motor action or
participating in the communication between relevant regions of the brain. In addition, dopamine seems to make it possible for animals to differentiate between foods when there is more than one alternative by adding a value to each food. In this way dopamine creates a drive that makes the animal prepared to work for the more valuable (e.g. tastier or more nutritional) alternative even if it is harder to reach.
When it comes to specific studies regarding dogs the research is parsimonious and few conclusions can be made beyond the general hypothesis. Both similarities and differences have been observed between the human and dog dopaminergic systems. Therefore more research is needed to understand in a more exact way where, or in what sense, the two species differ. From a clinical perspective it is important to understand the differences since the
domestic dog increasingly shares the human everyday life, and pathological conditions seen in humans are mirrored in our pets. One example is obesity, where dopamine has recently been connected with the over intake of food occurring in alliance with a poor diet containing
too much sugar or fat. Obesity is a growing health issue in humans, but also in pets such as dogs. The clinical potential of dopamine in both human- and animal healthcare motivates further research, even though understanding the complete picture seems difficult with the methods existing today
Forehead Skin Blood Flow in Normal Neonates during Active and Quiet Sleep, Measured with a Diode Laser Doppler Instrument
Changes in forehead skin blood flow during active and quiet sleep were determined in 16 healthy neonates using a recently developed semi-conductor laser Doppler flow meter without light conducting fibres. Measurements were carried out at a postnatal age varying from 5 hours to 7 days. The two sleep states could be distinguished in 17 recordings. The mean skin blood flow values during active sleep were significantly higher (p<0.01) than those during quiet sleep, the mean increase being 28.1%. The variability of the flow signal, expressed as the coefficient of variation, changed significantly from 23.1% during active sleep to 18.2% during quiet sleep
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