6 research outputs found
The effects of problem-oriented policing on crime and disorder
Problem-oriented Policing (POP) was first introduced by Herman Goldstein in 1979. The
approach was one of a series of responses to a crisis in effectiveness and legitimacy in
policing that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. Goldstein argued that police were not
being effective in preventing and controlling crime because they had become too focused
on the “means” of policing and had neglected the “goals” of preventing and controlling
crime and other community problems. Goldstein argued that the unit of analysis in
policing must become the “problem” rather than calls or crime incidents as was the case
during that period. POP has had tremendous impact on American policing, and is now
one of the most widely implemented policing strategies in the US.
To synthesize the extant problem-oriented policing evaluation literature and assess the
effects of problem-oriented policing on crime and disorder
Eligible studies had to meet three criteria: (1) the SARA model was used for a problemoriented
policing intervention; (2) a comparison group was included; (3) at least one
crime or disorder outcome was reported with sufficient data to generate an effect size.
The unit of analysis could be people or places.
Several strategies were used to perform an exhaustive search for literature fitting the
eligibility criteria. First, a keyword search was performed on an array of online abstract
databases. Second, we reviewed the bibliographies of past reviews of problem-oriented
policing. Third, we performed forward searches for works that have cited seminal
problem-oriented policing studies. Fourth, we performed hand searches of leading
journals in the field. Fifth, we searched the publications of several research and
professional agencies. Sixth, after finishing the above searches we e-mailed the list of
studies meeting our eligibility criteria to leading policing scholars knowledgeable in the
area of problem-oriented policing to ensure we had not missed any relevant studies.
For our ten eligible studies, we provide both a narrative review of effectiveness and a
meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis, we coded all primary outcomes of the eligible
studies and we report the mean effect size (for studies with more than one primary
outcome, we averaged effects to create a mean), the largest effect, and the smallest effect.
Because of the heterogeneity of our studies, we used a random effects model.
Based on our meta-analysis, overall problem-oriented policing has a modest but
statistically significant impact on reducing crime and disorder. Our results are consistent
when examining both experimental and quasi-experimental studies.
Conclusions:
We conclude that problem-oriented policing is effective in reducing crime and disorder,
although the effect is fairly modest. We urge caution in interpreting these results because
of the small number of methodologically rigorous studies on POP and the diversity of
problems and responses used in our eligible studies
Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate
Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems1 that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3, so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value4. Here we present empirically defined thresholds for categorizing the conservation value of logged forests, using one of the most comprehensive assessments of taxon responses to habitat degradation in any tropical forest environment. We analysed the impact of logging intensity on the individual occurrence patterns of 1,681 taxa belonging to 86 taxonomic orders and 126 functional groups in Sabah, Malaysia. Our results demonstrate the existence of two conservation-relevant thresholds. First, lightly logged forests (68%) of their biomass removed, and these are likely to require more expensive measures to recover their biodiversity value. Overall, our data confirm that primary forests are irreplaceable5, but they also reinforce the message that logged forests retain considerable conservation value that should not be overlooked
The use of wing shape for characterising macroevolution in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate
Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems1 that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3, so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value4. Here we present empirically defined thresholds for categorizing the conservation value of logged forests, using one of the most comprehensive assessments of taxon responses to habitat degradation in any tropical forest environment. We analysed the impact of logging intensity on the individual occurrence patterns of 1,681 taxa belonging to 86 taxonomic orders and 126 functional groups in Sabah, Malaysia. Our results demonstrate the existence of two conservation-relevant thresholds. First, lightly logged forests (68%) of their biomass removed, and these are likely to require more expensive measures to recover their biodiversity value. Overall, our data confirm that primary forests are irreplaceable5, but they also reinforce the message that logged forests retain considerable conservation value that should not be overlooked
Recommended from our members
Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by funding to the Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystems Project by the Sime Darby Foundation. Research permission and site access were provided by the Maliau Basin Management Committee, the Sabah Foundation, Benta Wawasan, Sabah Softwoods, the Innoprise Foundation, the Sabah Forestry Department and the Sabah Biodiversity Centre. R.M.E. is supported by the NOMIS Foundation. Data collection was financed by Australian Research Council grant DP140101541; Bat Conservation International; the British Council Newton-Ungku Omar Fund 216433953; British Ecological Society grant 3256/4035; the Cambridge Trust; the Cambridge University Commonwealth Fund; the Czech Science Foundation (14-32302S); the European Research Council (281986); the European Social Fund and the Czech Republic (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0064); the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRG0302-STWN-1/ 2011), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia; FFWS CZU (IGA number A_26_22); the Jardine Foundation; Malaysia Industry Group for High Technology (216433953); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (INTER-TRANSFER LTT19018); the Panton Trust; the Primate Society of Great Britain; ProForest; Royal Society of London grant RG130793; the Sime Darby Foundation; the S. T. Lee Fund; the Sir Philip Reckitt Educational Trust; the Tim Whitmore Fund; the Universiti Malaysia Sabah; the University of East Anglia; the University of Kent; the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; UK Research and Innovation Natural Environment Research Council grants NE/H011307/1, NE/K016253/1, NE/K016407/1, NE/K016148/1, NE/K0106261/1, NE/K015377/1, NE/L002515/1, NE/L002582/1 and NE/P00363X/1 and studentship 1122589; the Varley Gradwell Travelling Fellowship; and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature. Data collection was supported by R. Adzhar, A. Afendy, N. Arumugam, S. Benedick, V. Bignet, S. Butler, K. Graves, H. E. Hah, H. Heroin, A. Kendall, H. H. Mahsol, D. Mann, J. Miller, S. Milne, J. Mumford, D. Norman, H. Rossleykho, D. Shapiro, K. Sieving, J. Sugau, B. Udell, B. E. Yahya and M. A. Zakaria.Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems1 that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3, so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value4. Here we present empirically defined thresholds for categorizing the conservation value of logged forests, using one of the most comprehensive assessments of taxon responses to habitat degradation in any tropical forest environment. We analysed the impact of logging intensity on the individual occurrence patterns of 1,681 taxa belonging to 86 taxonomic orders and 126 functional groups in Sabah, Malaysia. Our results demonstrate the existence of two conservation-relevant thresholds. First, lightly logged forests (68%) of their biomass removed, and these are likely to require more expensive measures to recover their biodiversity value. Overall, our data confirm that primary forests are irreplaceable5, but they also reinforce the message that logged forests retain considerable conservation value that should not be overlooked