Mushrooms of the pleurotus genus: A review of cultivation techniques

The cultivation of edible mushrooms in agro-industrial residues is considered a millennial activity, spread and practiced all around the world. Besides their excellent taste, edible mushrooms have a great biotechnological potential, due to their capacity to produce enzymes and medicines, to act in bioremediation, and other uses. The goal of the present work was to carry out a bibliographic review of the different cultivation techniques used in the production of Pleurotus spp. A wide variety of residues may be used as substrate in the cultivation of this mushroom. The use of agro-industrial byproducts represents an economically viable and very promising alternative for small producers, due to the low aggregate value and great availability

Análise bromatológica e química de substratos à base de resíduos de bananeira antes e após o cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus Bromatological and chemical analyses of substrates of banana cultivars waste after e before the Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation

O Pleurotus ostreatus tem a capacidade de secretar enzimas que degradam materiais ricos em lignina e celulose, transformando esse composto em fonte nutricional para o seu desenvolvimento. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a composição nutricional (proteína, extrato etéreo, fibra bruta, FDA, FDN e cinzas) dos substratos [(inicial e residual (pós-colheita)] à base de diferentes combinações de resíduos (folha, pseudocaule e pseudocaule + folha) e cultivares de bananeira – Musa spp. (Thap Maeo, Prata Anã, Pelipita e Caipira), durante 49 dias de cultivo da linhagem POS 09/100 de Pleurotus ostreatus. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os teores de cinzas, fibra bruta, FDA e FDN variaram de acordo com o tipo de resíduo e a cultivar de bananeira; e que o substrato residual apresentou-se bastante nutritivo, passando também por uma redução na sua porção fibrosa.Abstract Pleurotus ostreatus has the capacity to secrete enzymes that degrade rich materials in lignin and cellulose, transforming that composed in nutritional source for his development. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional facts (protein, ethereal extract, raw fiber, FDA, FDN and ash) of the substrates [initial and residual (post-harvest)] based on different combinations of wastes (leaf, pseudo-stem and pseudo-stem + leaf) and banana cultivars - Musa spp. (Thap Maeo, Prata Anã, Pelipita and Caipira) during 49 days for the cultivation of POS 09/100 strain of P. ostreatus. It was verified that in the bromatological analyses, ash, raw fiber, FDA and FDN contents varied according to the residue and kind of banana; and the final substrate showed itself very nutritious and presented a decrease in fiber content

Resíduos de bananeira como substrato base para o cultivo in vitro de Coprinus comatusBanana tree residues as base substrate for the in vitro cultivation of Coprinus comatus

O Coprinus comatus é um fungo lignícola e comestível que tem demonstrado grande potencial para sua exploração comercial, por se desenvolver facilmente nos mais diferentes resíduos, entre eles a folha de bananeira. Assim, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial de Coprinus comatus em meios de cultura à base de folhas das diferentes cultivares de bananeira: Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã Pelipita e Caipira, com 20% de suplementação com farelo de trigo, soja e arroz. Em câmara de fluxo laminar, discos de 7 mm de diâmetro, da linhagem CCO 01/01 de C. comatus, foram inoculados no centro das placas de Petri contendo meio de cultura. Em seguida, as placas foram dispostas inteiramente ao acaso em incubadora a 25 ºC. Após 24 horas, iniciaram-se as medições diárias do crescimento micelial, até que um dos tratamentos atingisse as bordas da placa de Petri. De acordo com os resultado obtidos, verificou-se que: para os meios de cultura à base das cultivares de bananeira Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã e Pelipita não houve efeito do tipo de suplementação; para o meio à base da cultivar Caipira os farelos de trigo e arroz proporcionaram as melhores médias de crescimento. Assim, os resíduos de bananeira podem ser uma alternativa viável e ecologicamente correta no cultivo de C. comatus, especialmente as variedades Thap-Maeo e Prata-Anã que, independente da suplementação utilizada, proporcionaram as melhores médias de crescimento.Abstract Coprinus comatus is an edible and lignolitic fungus which has presented great potential for commercial use due to its easy development in the different residues, such as banana tree leave. Thus, the mycelial growth of Coprinus comatus in culture media based on leaves of Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã, Pelipita and Caipira banana tree cultivars, supplemented with 20% of wheat, soy and rice brans, was evaluated. 7 mm-wide discs of CCO 01/01 strain of C. comatus were inoculated in the middle of Petri dishes containing culture medium, inside a laminar flow chamber. Next, the dishes were arranged totally at random inside an incubator at 25 ºC. The daily measurements of the mycelial growth began after 24 hours, until one of the treatments reached the borders of the Petri dish. According to the results obtained, we verified that there was not effect of the kind of supplementation for culture media based on Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã and Pelipita; the best growth averages for culture media based on Caipira were provided by wheat and rice brans. Therefore, banana residues may be a viable and ecologically correct choice for the cultivation of C. comatus, especially for Thap-Maeo and Prata Anã sorts, which provided the best growth averages, regardless of the supplementation used

Viabilidade de crescimento micelial de Coprinus comatus em meio de cultura à base de resíduos orgânicos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the mycelial growth of the Coprinus comatus strain CCO 01/01 in culture based on organic residues of Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane bagasse), Citrus sinensis (orange bagasse), Ananas comosus (pineapple residues) and Musa sp. (banana leaf), supplemented with wheat bran in the proportions of 0, 10 and 20%, kept at 27°C. The mycelial growth of C. comatus was evaluated daily by measurement of the diameter of the colony during seven days of incubation. The banana leaf was considered the best residue for the cultivation of the C. comatus even without supplementation, meaning lower production costs. The supplementation of pineapple residues with 10% of wheat bran favored fungi growth. Sugar-cane bagasse was suitable for the growth of the C. comatus provided it is enriched with wheat bran. The orange bagasse, without pH correction, was not appropriate for the mycelial growth of C. comatus

Applicability of the use of waste from different banana cultivars for the cultivation of the oyster mushroom

The objective of this research was to evaluate the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus- (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. cultivation in substrates based on different combinations of wastes (leaf, pseudo-stem and pseudo-stem + leaf) and banana cultivars - Musa spp. (Thap Maeo, Prata AnãPelipita and Caipira) during 49 days. Organic matter loss in the substrate by action of the fungus was also evaluated during that period. It was verified that the pseudo-stem waste provided the best averages of biological efficiency among all cultivars tested and best rates were obtained by Thap Maeo (61.5%). The highest organic matter loss (OML) was obtained from pseudo-stem + leaf wastes (Prata Anã 78.6%; Thap Maeo - 67.6%; Pelipita - 64.8%; Caipira - 60.6%). Therefore, the use of those wastes showed itself viable for P. ostreatus cultivation due to its availability and low cost, besides decreasing discards to environment

Desenvolvimento micelial de Lentinula edodes em meios de cultivo à base de diferentes substratos orgânicos

The radial mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, strain LE-96/13, was studied in culture media prepared with organic residues extract, by using substrates prepared with pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril) crown, Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer peel, Theobroma grandiflorum Schum shell, Musa sp. (genomic group AAB, subgroup Pacovan) peel, and Musa sp. (genomic group AAB, subgroup Prata) peel, with three supplementation levels with wheat bran (0, 10 and 20%), and incubated at 25°C. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 5×3 factorial scheme, adding up 15 treatments with 4 repetitions, and each repetition corresponding to a Petri dish. The diameter of the colony was evaluated daily during nine days of incubation. After that period, it was verified that the highest mycelial growth averages of strain LE-96/13 of L. edodes were found in culture media prepared with T. grandiflorum Schum shell (whose supplementation with wheat bran was favorable for Mushroom development) and A. aculeatum Meyer peel (whose supplementation did not favor the mycelial growth of L. edodes in relation to the medium not supplemented)

Uso de resíduos de madeiras e frutos da Amazônia para o cultivo in vitro do cogumelo comestível shiitake

Local abundant residues with low or without commercial value with potential to make the production of edible mushrooms economically viable in any region of Brazil must be employed for cultivation. Thus, the radial mycelial growth of LED 20 strain of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler was verified in culture media prepared with extract of regional residues by using substrates based on Protium puncticulatum, Cariniana micrantha and Caryocar glabum sawdust, supplemented with 20% of grinded residues from the barks of the fruits of Astrocaryum aculeatum and Theobroma grandiflorum. Residues from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp) sawdust and wheat bran (Triticum aestivum L) were used as witness because they are commonly used in the cultivation of L. edodes. The experimental design used was totally randomized, in 4x3 factorial scheme, totalizing 12 treatments with five repetitions, being that each repetition corresponded to a Petri dish, adding up a total of 60 dishes, which were incubated under 25 degrees C. The diameter of the colony was daily evaluated during seven days of incubation. After that period, it was verified that media prepared with P. puncticulatum extract, whose supplementation with both brans was favorable for fungic development, presented some of the highest averages of mycelial growth of LED 20 strain of L. edodes, confirming the potential of those residues