4 research outputs found

    Computer-aided insight into the relative stability of enamines

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    Venerable aldol, Michael, and Mannich reactions have undergone a renaissance in the past fifteen years, as a consequence of the development of direct organocatalytic versions, mediated by chiral amines. Chiral enamines are key intermediates in these reactions. This review focuses on the formation of enamines from secondary amines and their relative thermodynamic stability, as well as on the reverse reactions (hydrolysis). Experimental results and predictions based on MO calculations are reviewed to show which enamine forms may predominate in the reaction medium and to compare several secondary amines as organocatalysts.1 Introduction2 Relative Stability of Enamines as Determined Experimentally3 Pyrrolidine Enamines4 Enamines of the Jorgensen-Hayashi Catalyst5 Proline Enamines6 Free Enthalpies and Polar Solvent Effects7 Comparison of Organocatalysts8 Summary and Outlook9 Appendi

    NMR and computational studies on the reactions of enamines with nitroalkenes that may pass through cyclobutanes

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    The addition of aldehyde enamines to nitroalkenes affords cyclobutanes in all solvents, with all of the pyrrolidine and proline derivatives tested by us and with all of the substrates we have examined. Depending on the temperature, concentration of water, solvent polarity, and other factors, the opening and hydrolysis of such a four-membered ring may take place rapidly or last for several days, producing the final Michael-like adducts (4-nitrobutanals). Thirteen new cyclobutanes have now been characterized by NMR spectroscopy. As could be expected, s-trans-enamine conformers give rise to all-trans-(4S)-4-nitrocyclobutylpyrrolidines, while s-cis-enamine conformers afford all-trans-(4R)-4-nitrocyclobutylpyrrolidines. These four-membered rings can isomerize to adduct enamines, which should be hydrolyzed via their iminium ions. MP2 and M06-2X calculations predict that one iminium ion is more stable than the other iminium species, so that protonation of the adduct enamines can be quite stereoselective; in the presence of water, the so-called syn adducts (e.g., OCH-*CHR-*CHPh-CH2NO2, with R and Ph syn) eventually become the major products. Why one syn adduct is obtained with aldehydes, whereas cyclic ketones (the predicted ring-fused cyclobutanes of which isomerize to their enamines more easily) produce the other syn adduct, is also explained by means of molecular orbital calculations. Nitro-Michael reactions of aldehyde enamines that "stop" at the nitrocyclobutane stage and final enamine stage do not work catalytically, as known, but those of cyclic ketone enamines that do not work stop at the final enamine stage (if their hydrolysis to the corresponding nitroethylketones is less favorable than expected). These and other facts are accounted for, and the proposals of the groups led by Seebach and Hayashi, Blackmond, and Pihko and Papai are reconciled

    Organocatálisis asimétrica. Desarrollo de catalizadores y estudio de los mecanismos implicados

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    [spa] El desarrollo de métodos para la creación de nuevos enlaces carbono-carbono de forma sostenible y selectiva es clave en la química orgánica actual. En las últimas décadas, ha aumentado de gran manera el interés en llevar a cabo este tipo de reacciones de forma catalítica, estereoselectiva y directa. De esta forma, la organocatálisis, un tipo de catálisis en la que se usa una molécula orgánica sencilla como catalizador, se ha convertido en un campo de trabajo de vital importancia dentro de la síntesis enantioselectiva y constituye uno de los avances más importantes en el área de la química del siglo XXI. El estudio de los mecanismos implicados en la organocatálisis asimétrica, es vital para un mayor entendimiento de estos procesos. Además, el desarrollo y optimización de catalizadores que puedan llevar a cabo estas reacciones permitirá en un futuro cercano aplicar estos métodos a la preparación de compuestos de alto valor añadido. Con el objetivo de profundizar en las distintas etapas involucradas en las reacciones organocatalíticas se ha desarrollado una metódica para establecer una escala de la tendencia relativa de distintas aminas secundarias a formar enamina. Esta escala relativa se ha realizado mediante experimentos de intercambio con 3-metilbutanal, 2-indanona y fenilacetaldehído y algunos de los catalizadores más populares. A su vez, se han llevado a cabo experimentos de competición y de intercambio con enaminas ya preformadas (enamina A + amina B = amina A + enamina B), donde se han confirmado las constantes de equilibrio establecidas y la posición de estas enaminas en la escala relativa. Paralelamente a este trabajo se han desarrollado una serie de nuevos organocatalizadores (bis-O-sililderivados de 4-hidroxiprolinoles) y se han aplicado posteriormente a reacciones de Michael organocatalíticas. Se ha evaluado el papel de estos como catalizadores de la reacción de Michael de distintos componentes carbonílicos con β- nitroestireno. Por primera vez, se han realizado adiciones de Michael organocatalíticas a nitroolefinas quirales catalizadas por prolina, ampliando el abanico de nitroalquenos utilizados para estas reacciones. De esta forma se ha demostrado que la estereoselectividad de la reacción está gobernada por el propio substrato, obteniéndose el mismo isómero mayoritario del aducto de Michael independientemente del enantiómero de la prolina utilizado. Para realizar una propuesta respecto a la configuración absoluta del estereoisómero formado en estas reacciones, se han llevado a cabo adiciones con cantidades estequiométricas de catalizador, logrando caracterizar el intermedio nitrociclobutánico, y estableciendo finalmente el estereoisómero mayoritario formado en estas adiciones estequiométricas de distintos aldehídos al nitroalqueno quiral. Finalmente para profundizar en el estudio del mecanismo de este tipo de reacciones, se han caracterizado toda una serie de ciclobutanos formados con distintos aminocatalizadores, entre ellos el catalizador de Jørgensen–Hayashi. En este caso se pone de manifiesto el efecto dominante del sustituyente voluminoso. Tras esto se han caracterizado un gran número de nitrociclobutanos a partir de distintos aldehídos, nitroolefinas y aminas secundarias, en diversos disolventes. Se puede concluir que, las centenares de reacciones de nitro-Michael descritas en la literatura química a lo largo de las últimas décadas, son, en realidad, cicloadiciones 2+2 (bien formales, bien concertadas asincrónicas) entre las correspondientes enaminas y nitroalquenos. Decenas de reacciones de nitro-Michael que no tienen lugar catalíticamente (en presencia de aminas secundarias) y que han sido postergadas o consideradas como inviables o demasiado lentas, funcionan rápida y cuantitativamente en condiciones estequiométricas. Siendo la causa ya conocida, aquí se ha demostrado que los nitrociclobutanos (visualizados como intermedios a veces demasiado estables, con lo que no se libera el catalizador) se forman siempre, bajo cualesquiera condiciones de reacción, tanto en disolventes apolares como polares con cualquier amina secundaria.[eng] The study of the mechanisms involved in asymmetric organotalysis is vital for a greater understanding of these processes. Furthermore, the development and optimization of catalysts that can diastereo- and enantioselectively carry out these reactions may help in the near future to their application in total synthesis. With the aim of delving into the different stages involved in organocatalytic reactions, a method to establish a scale of the relative tendency of different secondary amines to form enamines has been developed by measuring equilibrium constants by NMR. Competition and exchange experiments have been carried out with preformed enamines (enamine A + amine B = amine A + enamine B) confirming the established equilibrium constants and the position of these enamines in the relative scale. At the same time, a series of new organocatalysts (bis-O-silylderivatives of 4- hydroxyprolinols) have been developed and subsequently applied to organocatalytic Michael reactions. The role of these as catalysts with different carbonyl compounds to β- nitrostyrene has been evaluated. The range of nitroalkenes used for these reactions was expanded using, for the first time, chiral nitroolefins under proline catalisis. In this way, it has been shown that the stereoselectivity of the reaction is governed by the substrate itself. To achieve a proposal regarding the absolute configuration of the Michael adduct formed in these reactions, stoichiometric additions were carried out. The structure of the major diastereomer formed in those additions could be finally established. Furthermore, in order to deepen our understanding of the mechanism and the intermediates formed in the Michael reactions with chiral nitroolefins a whole series of cyclobutanes have been characterized, using different aminocatalyst. With the Jørgensen– Hayashi catalyst, the dominant effect of the bulky substituent was revealed. Finally, a large number of nitrocyclobutanes have been characterized from various aldehydes, nitroolefins and secondary amines, in various solvents

    Aminocatalyzed reactions of aldehydes with chiral nitroalkenes

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    Chiral nitroalkenes are used for the first time in Michael additions of aldehydes, catalyzed by pyrrolidine derivatives. They yield the same major stereoisomer with either (S)-proline or (R)-proline, but this asymmetric induction does not overcome the effect of sterically more congested catalysts. Nitrocyclobutane intermediates are often formed, which are more stable than those from (E)-1-nitro-2-phenylethene. The cyclobutanes and final products were characterized by 2D NMR and chemical correlation
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