Lógica da justificação normativa : interpretações e aplicações filosóficas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília,Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2019.O lógico pode executar seu trabalho basicamente de três maneiras não independentes: analisar lógica como um assunto em si; investigar a filosofia que envolve os conceitos lógicos; e, finalmente, usar lógica como uma ferramenta para fazer filosofia. Nesta terceira maneira de fazer lógica, nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi mostrar como a lógica dos conceitos éticos (no sentido holista) poderia se beneficiar de uma combinação envolvendo lógica deôntica e lógicas da justificação. Considerando as diversas teorias normativas formais na literatura, não foi difícil concluir que a lógica deôntica é o mais perto que se pode chegar de uma lógica do discurso ético, o que levanta diversas questões. Mesmo nas mais avançadas apresentações da lógica deôntica, não se vê mais que operadores deônticos (obrigatório que..., permitido que...) e uma porção de recursos para descrever fatos/ações. Isto nos levou a questionar: haveria uma maneira filosófica de fazer operadores deônticos mais “normativos”? A questão estabelece a missão de achar um novo conceito na filosofia moral para uso formal. Interessante notar que a maioria dos artigos e livros de ética, além dos conhecidos conceitos como “bom”, “mal”, “moral”, “dever”, usa da noção de justificação em inúmeras oportunidades. Justificação, por exemplo, é um sinal de aprovação tanto quanto qualquer outro termo moral. Da mesma maneira, podemos dizer de obrigações e permissões que são justificadas, o que faz o discurso lógico formal não apenas sobre ações, mas sobre normas de um dado sistema. As duas “justificações”, de ações e da modalidade, poderiam fazer o debate ético muito mais preciso do que usar qualquer outro termo axiológico (mal, bem) por uma simples razão: a existência das lógicas da justificação, criadas por Sergei Artemov. No aspecto semântico e sintático, quase todos os sistemas de Artemov provaram ser bem sucedidos para a ética e metaética apenas com uma adaptação: a troca da leitura de “j é uma justificação para A” por “j é uma justificação ética para a ação A”. Mesmo com o sucesso relativo desta abordagem informal e primitiva, apenas com uma combinação fomos capazes de tratar aspectos mais relevantes da metaética. Neste trabalho, por fim, desenvolvemos combinações entre lógica deôntica e lógica da justificação, chamadas de Lógicas da Justificação Normativa (LJN), que se mostraram diferentes de outras combinações normativas. Capazes de mudar o objeto da fórmulas justificacionais, LJN clarificou conceitos em ética normativa e metaética, algo ainda não executado em lógica de conceitos éticos. Além disso, LJN foi capaz de lidar com alguns problemas marcantes em lógica deôntica, como o paradoxo de Ross e o problema de expressividade das obrigações prima facie e all-things-considered. Considerando que justificação sempre foi conceito melhor empregado em questões epistemológicas (desde Platão), duas inovações primordiais pode ser reputadas à LJN: primeiro, é lógica capaz de mapear o discurso ético em seu sentido lato, incluindo a metaética; e, no escopo da metafilosofia, LJN poderia clarificar a conexão entre ética e epistemologia, apenas rapidamente sugerida por autores como Roderick Chisholm.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq).The logician can perform his job basically in three not totally independent ways: analyzing logic as a pure matter; investigating the philosophy involved in the logical concepts; and, finally, using logics as a tool in order to make philosophy. In this third way of performing logic, our goal was to show how the logic about the ethical concepts (in holistic sense) could be beneficiated with a combination involving deontic logic and logics of justification. Taking in consideration formal normative theories and its literature, it was not hard to conclude that the deontic logic is the closer one can get to have a logic of ethical discourse, what brought a lot of problems to the table. Even in the more advanced forms of presentation of deontic logics, we could not see more than deontic operators (obligatory that. . . , permitted that. . . ) and a bunch of resources to talk about facts/actions. This led us to think: Is there a philosophical way to make the deontic operators more “normative”? This question sets the task of searching for a new concept in moral philosophy for a formal use. It was interesting to note that most of ethics articles and books, aside the usual ethical concepts like “good”, “bad”, “moral”, “duty”, use the notion of justification in several opportunities. Justification, for example, is used as a sigh of approval as much as any other moral word. We can also say that certain kind of obligation or permission is justified or not justified somehow. That could make the justificational logical discourse not about the action itself, but about norms of a normative system. Both “justifications” of an action and of a modality could make the ethical debate much more accurate than using other axiological terms (bad, good) for a single reason: the existence of the logics of justification, created by Artemov. In the semantical and syntactical field, almost all the Artemov’s systems proved to be fruitful for both ethics and metaethics just by the implementation of a reading adaptation: the exchange the reading “j is a justification for A” for “j is a (ethical) justification for the action A”. Despite the relative success in this informal and primitive approach, only with a combination we were able to treat the more relevant aspects of metaethics. In this work, we developed combinations between deontic logic and logic of justification, now called the Logics of Normative Justification (LNJ), that proved to be different of the others normative combinations. Able to really change the object of the justification formulas, LNJ shed some light in normative ethics and metaethics, something unusual in the logic of ethics concepts. Furthermore, LNJ were able to deal with some internal problems in deontic logic, like the Ross paradox and the expressivity of prima facie and all-things-considered obligations. Considering that justification was a concept better used in epistemological issues (since Plato), two major innovation could be awarded to LNJ: first, it is a logic capable of mapping the ethical discourse in its broad sense, including metaethics; and, metaphilosophically speaking, the LNJ could bring a more clear philosophical connection between ethics and epistemology, only briefly suggested by authors like Roderick Chisholm

Lógica e ordem : um caso paraconsistente

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Filosofia, 2016.Fez-se, nesse breve estudo, um apanhado geral do sistema lógica deôntica criada a partir dos trabalhos iniciais de Georg H. von Wright, a utilizando para introduzir os conceitos básicos na qual se desenvolve uma lógica das normas e ressaltando alguns de seus marcantes problemas. Após, apresentou-se uma lógica deôntica alternativa, Ls, formulada por Newton da costa, cujas características interessantes são tornadas claras em alguns pontos e complementadas em outros. A despeito do poder do sistema desenvolvido por da Costa, constatou-se que a lógica não formaliza alguns tipos específicos de ações. Para suprir essa deficiência, um suporte paraconsistente foi apresentado em Ls em substituição ao original clássico.It was presented a general overview of a deontic logic system proposed in the Georg H. von Wright’s early works, using this exposition to introduct the basic concepts used any common logic of the commands and putting in evidence some troublesome points about this area. After that, it presented a alternative deontic logic, Ls, formulated by Newton da Costa, making clear some of it’s interesting features and additional comments when needed. Despite the power of da Costa’s System, the final conclusion was that some kinds of actions were still not properly formalized. To fix this, the classical foundation of Ls was replaced by a paraconsistent one

DEBATE DE KANT E HUME EM TORNO DA CAUSALIDADE

This work aims to understand and explain how David Hume put a question above the causal connection and how Immanuel Kant answers Hume's questions and, in the end, what were thephilosophical lessons that remained of this discussion. All of that, obviously, made among a fair explanation of Hume is empirism and Kant's transcendental idealism.Este trabalho busca entender e expor de que maneira David Hume questionou o problema da conexão causal, de que maneira Immanuel Kant respondeu Hume e, ao fim, quais foram as lições filosóficas que remanesceram. Tudo, obviamente, envolto com uma apresentação apropriada do empirismo humeano e do idealismo transcendental de Kant

Input/output logics and the Hohfeld\'s fundamental jural concepts

Duas premissas básicas acompanham o desenvolvimento deste trabalho: primeiro, que as posições jurídicas básicas usuais no vocabulário do Direito (direito e dever) são insuficientes para representar a complexidade do fenômeno das relações jurídicas, na prática e na teoria, demandando a busca por alternativas; segundo, que a técnica envolvida nas lógicas input/output representam um verdadeiro ganho nos desenvolvimentos para uma efetiva lógica jurídica. Partindo dessas premissas, analisamos as propostas de expansão das posições jurídicas básicas de Wesley Hohfeld, analisamos com certa profundidade as lógicas input/output e, por fim, fornecemos uma maneira de representar as posições jurídicas de Hohfeld dentro destas lógicas.Two basic premises follow this work all the way through: first, the basic jural positions presented by the current law vocabulary (right and duty) are insufficient to represent the high complexity of relations in Law practices and theory, case that demands new theoric alternatives; second, the techniques brought by the input/output logics represent today a significant step towards a effective logic of law. Using this assumptions, we analyzed the Wesley Hohfeld\'s proposal to expand the jural basic positions, analyzed the input/output logics and, in the end, we proposed a way to represent Hohfeld\'s jural positions using these logics

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

International audienceThis document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment

DUNE Offline Computing Conceptual Design Report

This document describes Offline Software and Computing for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) experiment, in particular, the conceptual design of the offline computing needed to accomplish its physics goals. Our emphasis in this document is the development of the computing infrastructure needed to acquire, catalog, reconstruct, simulate and analyze the data from the DUNE experiment and its prototypes. In this effort, we concentrate on developing the tools and systems thatfacilitate the development and deployment of advanced algorithms. Rather than prescribing particular algorithms, our goal is to provide resources that are flexible and accessible enough to support creative software solutions as HEP computing evolves and to provide computing that achieves the physics goals of the DUNE experiment