El documental de objetivación: realismo, estética y temporalidad

Este artículo entra en el debate sobre la representación de la realidad para describir una nueva categoría de documental: el documental de objetivación. Estos documentales aparecen a partir de los años 2000 con, por ejemplo, Bosnia. Lost Images (2003) y cuestionan cierta propaganda de guerra. Persiguen dos objetivos: por una parte, desconstruyen las convenciones del estilo realista y desvelan el truco de su presunta inmediatez y de su valor como “prueba” de lo acontecido; por otra, tratan de comunicar una historia desde una visión racional, “objetivada” de los hechos. Se presentan, por tanto, como una herramienta epistemológica deudora de una racionalidad científica. En este artículo, se caracterizará primero el documental de estilo realista, que ha sido el hegemónico entre los años 60 y 90. Seguidamente, se desarrollará el concepto de objetivación en el cine documental y se describirán las estrategias utilizadas por este tipo de películas. Metodológicamente, se recurrirá a la estética según la propuesta de Corner (2003). Se acompañará esta presentación con el estudio de caso de las noticia de estilo realista sobre el asesinato de Al-Durah en el 2000, que ha sido objetivada posteriormente por el documental El niño, la muerte y la verdad (2011). En el último apartado, se analizará una de las estrategias visuales más poderosas para construir la objetividad en un documental, a saber, la manipulación de la temporalidad. En las conclusiones reflexionaré sobre la presunta racionalidad y el cientificismo de tales documentales, así como de su ideología epistémic

Erosion of global functional diversity across the tree of life

Although one-quarter of plant and vertebrate species are threatened with extinction, little is known about the potential effect of extinctions on the global diversity of ecological strategies. Using trait and phylogenetic information for more than 75,000 species of vascular plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish, we characterized the global functional spectra of each of these groups. Mapping extinction risk within these spectra showed that larger species with slower pace of life are universally threatened. Simulated extinction scenarios exposed extensive internal reorganizations in the global functional spectra, which were larger than expected by chance for all groups, and particularly severe for mammals and amphibians. Considering the disproportionate importance of the largest species for ecological processes, our results emphasize the importance of actions to prevent the extinction of the megabiota

A standard protocol to report discrete stage-structured demographic information

Stage-based demographic methods, such as matrix population models (MPMs), are powerful tools used to address a broad range of fundamental questions in ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation science. Accordingly, MPMs now exist for over 3000 species worldwide. These data are being digitised as an ongoing process and periodically released into two large open-access online repositories: the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database and the COMADRE Animal Matrix Database. During the last decade, data archiving and curation of COMPADRE and COMADRE, and subsequent comparative research, have revealed pronounced variation in how MPMs are parameterized and reported. Here, we summarise current issues related to the parameterisation and reporting of MPMs that arise most frequently and outline how they affect MPM construction, analysis, and interpretation. To quantify variation in how MPMs are reported, we present results from a survey identifying key aspects of MPMs that are frequently unreported in manuscripts. We then screen COMPADRE and COMADRE to quantify how often key pieces of information are omitted from manuscripts using MPMs. Over 80% of surveyed researchers (n = 60) state a clear benefit to adopting more standardised methodologies for reporting MPMs. Furthermore, over 85% of the 300 MPMs assessed from COMPADRE and COMADRE omitted one or more elements that are key to their accurate interpretation. Based on these insights, we identify fundamental issues that can arise from MPM construction and communication and provide suggestions to improve clarity, reproducibility and future research utilising MPMs and their required metadata. To fortify reproducibility and empower researchers to take full advantage of their demographic data, we introduce a standardised protocol to present MPMs in publications. This standard is linked to www.compa dre-db.org, so that authors wishing to archive their MPMs can do so prior to submission of publications, following examples from other open-access repositories such as DRYAD, Figshare and Zenodo. Combining and standardising MPMs parameterized from populations around the globe and across the tree of life opens up powerful research opportunities in evolutionary biology, ecology and conservation research. However, this potential can only be fully realised by adopting standardised methods to ensure reproducibility

A standard protocol to report discrete stage-structured demographic information

Stage-based demographic methods, such as matrix population models (MPMs), are powerful tools used to address a broad range of fundamental questions in ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation science. Accordingly, MPMs now exist for over 3000 species worldwide. These data are being digitised as an ongoing process and periodically released into two large open-access online repositories: the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database and the COMADRE Animal Matrix Database. During the last decade, data archiving and curation of COMPADRE and COMADRE, and subsequent comparative research, have revealed pronounced variation in how MPMs are parameterized and reported. Here, we summarise current issues related to the parameterisation and reporting of MPMs that arise most frequently and outline how they affect MPM construction, analysis, and interpretation. To quantify variation in how MPMs are reported, we present results from a survey identifying key aspects of MPMs that are frequently unreported in manuscripts. We then screen COMPADRE and COMADRE to quantify how often key pieces of information are omitted from manuscripts using MPMs. Over 80% of surveyed researchers (n = 60) state a clear benefit to adopting more standardised methodologies for reporting MPMs. Furthermore, over 85% of the 300 MPMs assessed from COMPADRE and COMADRE omitted one or more elements that are key to their accurate interpretation. Based on these insights, we identify fundamental issues that can arise from MPM construction and communication and provide suggestions to improve clarity, reproducibility and future research utilising MPMs and their required metadata. To fortify reproducibility and empower researchers to take full advantage of their demographic data, we introduce a standardised protocol to present MPMs in publications. This standard is linked to www.compadre-db.org, so that authors wishing to archive their MPMs can do so prior to submission of publications, following examples from other open-access repositories such as DRYAD, Figshare and Zenodo. Combining and standardising MPMs parameterized from populations around the globe and across the tree of life opens up powerful research opportunities in evolutionary biology, ecology and conservation research. However, this potential can only be fully realised by adopting standardised methods to ensure reproducibility

El documental de objetivación: realismo, estética y temporalidad

Este artículo entra en el debate sobre la representación de la realidad para describir una nueva categoría de documental: el documental de objetivación. Estos documentales aparecen a partir de los años 2000 con, por ejemplo, Bosnia. Lost Images (2003) y cuestionan cierta propaganda de guerra. Persiguen dos objetivos: por una parte, desconstruyen las convenciones del estilo realista y desvelan el truco de su presunta inmediatez y de su valor como “prueba” de lo acontecido; por otra, tratan de comunicar una historia desde una visión racional, “objetivada” de los hechos. Se presentan, por tanto, como una herramienta epistemológica deudora de una racionalidad científica. En este artículo, se caracterizará primero el documental de estilo realista, que ha sido el hegemónico entre los años 60 y 90. Seguidamente, se desarrollará el concepto de objetivación en el cine documental y se describirán las estrategias utilizadas por este tipo de películas. Metodológicamente, se recurrirá a la estética según la propuesta de Corner (2003). Se acompañará esta presentación con el estudio de caso de las noticia de estilo realista sobre el asesinato de Al-Durah en el 2000, que ha sido objetivada posteriormente por el documental El niño, la muerte y la verdad (2011). En el último apartado, se analizará una de las estrategias visuales más poderosas para construir la objetividad en un documental, a saber, la manipulación de la temporalidad. En las conclusiones reflexionaré sobre la presunta racionalidad y el cientificismo de tales documentales, así como de su ideología epistémic

Integrating multiple approaches to identify winners and losers in high-diverse marine benthic communities in the face of global change

1st Iberian Ecological Society Meeting (2019); XIV Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre (AEET), Ecology: an integrative science in the Anthropocene, 4-7 February 2019, Barcelona, SpainCoastal ecosystems are increasingly impacted by several local and global stressors including overfishing, pollution, and climate change. The cumulative effects of multiple threats have driven local extinctions with the subsequent alteration of the structure and composition of benthic ecosystems, but less is known about how global change is altering the ecosystem functioning of highly diverse temperate reefs in the Mediterranean Sea such as coralligenous assemblages. This habitat exhibit a high structural complexity and are dominated by long-lived algae and sessile invertebrates, which exhibit low dynamics and belong to a variety of taxonomic groups, harboring between 10-20% of Mediterranean species. Coralligenous species are affected by several local and regional stressors and understanding how different species and populations will respond to anthropogenic pressures is key to develop sound management strategies and conservation actions. The aim of this presentation is to show how the combination multiple approaches such as long-term field monitoring, aquaria experiments, demographic and spatial modeling is crucial to identify the winners and losers at the species and population level, potential range shifts and changes in reproductive phenology. The contrasting responses observed among different species and populations to global change unravel the complexity to anticipate potential changes in the future configuration of coralligenous assemblages but also highlight some promising capacity of this highly diverse habitat to buffer global change effectsPeer Reviewe

A standard protocol to report discrete stage‐structured demographic information

Stage-based demographic methods, such as matrix population models (MPMs), are powerful tools used to address a broad range of fundamental questions in ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation science. Accordingly, MPMs now exist for over 3000 species worldwide. These data are being digitised as an ongoing process and periodically released into two large open-access online repositories: the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database and the COMADRE Animal Matrix Database. During the last decade, data archiving and curation of COMPADRE and COMADRE, and subsequent comparative research, have revealed pronounced variation in how MPMs are parameterized and reported.Here, we summarise current issues related to the parameterisation and reporting of MPMs that arise most frequently and outline how they affect MPM construction, analysis, and interpretation. To quantify variation in how MPMs are reported, we present results from a survey identifying key aspects of MPMs that are frequently unreported in manuscripts. We then screen COMPADRE and COMADRE to quantify how often key pieces of information are omitted from manuscripts using MPMs.Over 80% of surveyed researchers (n = 60) state a clear benefit to adopting more standardised methodologies for reporting MPMs. Furthermore, over 85% of the 300 MPMs assessed from COMPADRE and COMADRE omitted one or more elements that are key to their accurate interpretation. Based on these insights, we identify fundamental issues that can arise from MPM construction and communication and provide suggestions to improve clarity, reproducibility and future research utilising MPMs and their required metadata. To fortify reproducibility and empower researchers to take full advantage of their demographic data, we introduce a standardised protocol to present MPMs in publications. This standard is linked to www.compadre-db.org, so that authors wishing to archive their MPMs can do so prior to submission of publications, following examples from other open-access repositories such as DRYAD, Figshare and Zenodo.Combining and standardising MPMs parameterized from populations around the globe and across the tree of life opens up powerful research opportunities in evolutionary biology, ecology and conservation research. However, this potential can only be fully realised by adopting standardised methods to ensure reproducibility