The immune response to L 1210 leukemia is T-cell dependent

Both untreated and neuraminidase-treated L 1210 cells stimu-lated proliferative activity of thymic lymphocytes in the BDF1 host. This T-cell activity was followed by the production of immunoglobulins by B-cells. While neuraminidase-treated cells did not grow in the normal host, they did cause progressive tumor growth in the immunosuppressed hosts. In addition, the humoral response to either untreated or neuraminidase-treated tumor cells was inhibited when mice were immunosuppressed with rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum. Immunosuppressed mice were not able to respond to a T-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells, but were able to respond to lipopolysaccharide, a T-independent antigen. Neuraminidase-treated cells retained viability and redeposited sialic acid quickly after treatment with neuraminidase. The evi-dence indicates that competent T-cells were necessary for a humoral response to either untreated or VCN-treated tumor cells and that recognition of VCN-treated cells necessary for the production of a cytotoxic response occured within 4 to 5 hours after cells were injected

Perceptions of Agriculture and the Economy in Nonmetropolitan Nebraska: 2017 Nebraska Rural Poll Results

Conclusion Most rural Nebraskans view their economic well-being as being dependent on agriculture. Over three-fourths feel their economic well-being is at least somewhat tied to agriculture. Economic dependence on agriculture has changed very little over the past seven years. The proportions reported in 2017 are almost identical to those from 2010. Similarly, most rural Nebraskans believe the economic well-being of their community is very much dependent on agriculture. Overall, over nine in ten rural Nebraskans feel their community’s economic well-being is at least somewhat tied to agriculture. Most rural Nebraskans say their job/income security is about the same as it was a year ago. The concern about job/income security was greater during the 2009 national economic recession compared to this downturn in the agricultural economy. However, most rural Nebraskans are uncertain they would find the kind of job they are looking for in their community. The level of uncertainty of finding the kind of job they would be looking for in their community was higher in 2009 than this year. This uncertainty was higher for persons living in or near smaller communities compared to those living in or near larger communities. Finally, many rural Nebraskans believe the current downturn in agriculture is about the same as other agriculture downturns of the past. Residents of the Panhandle are more likely than residents of other regions of the state to say the current downturn in agriculture is worse or much worse than previous downturns

Nonmetropolitan Nebraskans’ Perceptions of Local Schools: 2016 Nebraska Rural Poll Results

Conclusion Most rural Nebraskans have elementary, middle and high schools in their community or nearest community. Most of the schools available are public but many rural Nebraskans report having both public and private schools of each grade level. Persons living in or near larger communities are more likely than persons living in or near smaller communities to have each level of school in their community. And, persons living in or near the larger communities are more likely than persons living in or near smaller communities to have both public and private schools available. When asked about priorities for their local school, rural Nebraskans give highest priority to providing a safe environment for students. Other top priorities for local schools include: high graduation rate, high quality teachers, teaching problem solving or critical thinking skills to students and preparing students for college. The items that respondents were least likely to rate as high priority include teaching foreign languages, providing community social events/local entertainment, and teaching English as a second language. At least four in ten rural Nebraskans are very satisfied with the following characteristics at their local school: safe environment for students, graduation rate, quality school buildings, and opportunities for physical activities/sports. Less than two in ten respondents are very satisfied with standardized test scores and teaching English as a second language. However, many rural Nebraskans are unsure how to assess the details of their local schools since at least two in ten answered don’t know when asked to rate the characteristics. In fact, four in ten answered don’t know in regards to providing courses for advanced placement and standardized test scores. And, over one-half answered don’t know when asked to rate their satisfaction with teaching English as a second language. Satisfaction levels with many characteristics differ by community size. Persons living in or near smaller communities are more likely than persons living in or near larger communities to be very satisfied with many of the characteristics at their local school. However, satisfaction levels with four items increase as community size increases: providing courses for college credit, providing advanced placement courses, teaching foreign languages, and teaching English as a second language. Regional differences also exist. For many of the items listed, residents of the Panhandle were the regional group least likely to report being very satisfied. However, even though the Panhandle residents are less likely to report being very satisfied with many of the items listed, it does not mean they are necessarily more dissatisfied with those items than the other groups. For many of the items, the Panhandle residents were more likely to answer “don’t know.” The differences between the characteristics that people expect from their local school and those with which they are very satisfied are rather large. For almost all of the characteristics listed, the proportions that feel each is a high priority are larger than the proportions very satisfied with each. For many of the characteristics, the differences between the proportions viewing the characteristics as high priorities and the proportions very satisfied with each are larger for persons living in or near larger communities as compared to persons living in or near smaller communities. For a few items, the gaps are somewhat larger for persons living in or near smaller communities: providing courses for college credit, preparing students for technical/trade school, and providing advanced placement courses

Perceptions of Agriculture and the Economy in Nonmetropolitan Nebraska: 2017 Nebraska Rural Poll Results

Conclusion Most rural Nebraskans view their economic well-being as being dependent on agriculture. Over three-fourths feel their economic well-being is at least somewhat tied to agriculture. Economic dependence on agriculture has changed very little over the past seven years. The proportions reported in 2017 are almost identical to those from 2010. Similarly, most rural Nebraskans believe the economic well-being of their community is very much dependent on agriculture. Overall, over nine in ten rural Nebraskans feel their community’s economic well-being is at least somewhat tied to agriculture. Most rural Nebraskans say their job/income security is about the same as it was a year ago. The concern about job/income security was greater during the 2009 national economic recession compared to this downturn in the agricultural economy. However, most rural Nebraskans are uncertain they would find the kind of job they are looking for in their community. The level of uncertainty of finding the kind of job they would be looking for in their community was higher in 2009 than this year. This uncertainty was higher for persons living in or near smaller communities compared to those living in or near larger communities. Finally, many rural Nebraskans believe the current downturn in agriculture is about the same as other agriculture downturns of the past. Residents of the Panhandle are more likely than residents of other regions of the state to say the current downturn in agriculture is worse or much worse than previous downturns

Shopping for Food in Nonmetropolitan Nebraska: 2017 Nebraska Rural Poll Results

Conclusion Rural Nebraskans purchase their food from a variety of stores. Almost four in ten buy most of their food from a supercenter (like Wal-Mart or Costco). Just over three in ten typically shop at a supermarket and just under three in ten buy most of their food at a small grocery store. Differences in the type of store most utilized occur by community size. Persons living in or near larger communities are more likely than persons living in or near smaller communities to purchase the majority of their food from either a supermarket or supercenter. Persons living in or near mid-sized communities (populations ranging from 1,000 to 4,999) are the group most likely to purchase most of their food from a small grocery store. This size of community is most likely to be able to sustain a grocery store but not be a target for a supermarket or supercenter. Thus, local grocery stores do maintain market share in communities which are large enough for them to be viable, but too small to be major markets. Rural Nebraskans are most concerned with the quality, cost and selection of food as well as store characteristics such as cleanliness and customer service when selecting where they shop for food. These characteristics rate higher than location. Most rural Nebraskans shop for food at least once a week. Rural Nebraskans report being satisfied with most items at the store from which they purchase most of their food, although satisfaction with cost consistently ranks lower than quality or selection across major food categories. Most rural Nebraskans are within 30 minutes of the store where they do most of their food shopping. However, persons living in or near larger communities are more likely than persons living in or near smaller communities to be within 10 minutes of the store from where they purchase most of their food. Most rural Nebraskans have options for their food shopping. Most rural Nebraskans have a corner/convenience store closer than the store where they normally shop for food as well as a general merchandise store (like Dollar General or Family Dollar). Almost one-half have a small grocery store closer to them than the store where they normally do most of their food shopping. Almost two-thirds of persons who normally buy most of their food from a supercenter say they have a small grocery store closer to them. Only six percent of persons who purchase most of their food from a small grocery store say there is a supercenter closer to them and only five percent have a supermarket closer. Beyond retail shopping, rural Nebraskans do utilize other sources for foods. Most rural Nebraskans get at least some of their food from a garden and many get some of their food from a farmer’s market or CSA (community supported agriculture)

The BAFF Receptor Transduces Survival Signals by Co-opting the B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway

SummaryFollicular B cell survival requires signaling from BAFFR, a receptor for BAFF and the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). This “tonic” BCR survival signal is distinct from that induced by antigen binding and may be ligand-independent. We show that inducible inactivation of the Syk tyrosine kinase, a key signal transducer from the BCR following antigen binding, resulted in the death of most follicular B cells because Syk-deficient cells were unable to survive in response to BAFF. Genetic rescue studies demonstrated that Syk transduces BAFFR survival signals via ERK and PI3 kinase. Surprisingly, BAFFR signaling directly induced phosphorylation of both Syk and the BCR-associated Igα signaling subunit, and this Syk phosphorylation required the BCR. We conclude that the BCR and Igα may be required for B cell survival because they function as adaptor proteins in a BAFFR signaling pathway leading to activation of Syk, demonstrating previously unrecognized crosstalk between the two receptors

A Research Report: Higher Education: Opinions and Participation among Nonmetropolitan Nebraskans 2015 Nebraska Rural Poll Results

Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................... i Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Education or Training Taken ................................................................. 2 Figure 1. Participation in Education or Training Activities during Past Two Years....................... 2 Figure 2. Types of Education or Training Taken in Past Two Years........................................... 3 Satisfaction with Types of Education or Training ........................................... 5 Figure 3. Satisfaction with Types of Education or Training ................................. 6 Opinions about Education.............................................................................

Nonmetropolitan Nebraskans’ Perceptions of Local Schools: 2016 Nebraska Rural Poll Results

Conclusion Most rural Nebraskans have elementary, middle and high schools in their community or nearest community. Most of the schools available are public but many rural Nebraskans report having both public and private schools of each grade level. Persons living in or near larger communities are more likely than persons living in or near smaller communities to have each level of school in their community. And, persons living in or near the larger communities are more likely than persons living in or near smaller communities to have both public and private schools available. When asked about priorities for their local school, rural Nebraskans give highest priority to providing a safe environment for students. Other top priorities for local schools include: high graduation rate, high quality teachers, teaching problem solving or critical thinking skills to students and preparing students for college. The items that respondents were least likely to rate as high priority include teaching foreign languages, providing community social events/local entertainment, and teaching English as a second language. At least four in ten rural Nebraskans are very satisfied with the following characteristics at their local school: safe environment for students, graduation rate, quality school buildings, and opportunities for physical activities/sports. Less than two in ten respondents are very satisfied with standardized test scores and teaching English as a second language. However, many rural Nebraskans are unsure how to assess the details of their local schools since at least two in ten answered don’t know when asked to rate the characteristics. In fact, four in ten answered don’t know in regards to providing courses for advanced placement and standardized test scores. And, over one-half answered don’t know when asked to rate their satisfaction with teaching English as a second language. Satisfaction levels with many characteristics differ by community size. Persons living in or near smaller communities are more likely than persons living in or near larger communities to be very satisfied with many of the characteristics at their local school. However, satisfaction levels with four items increase as community size increases: providing courses for college credit, providing advanced placement courses, teaching foreign languages, and teaching English as a second language. Regional differences also exist. For many of the items listed, residents of the Panhandle were the regional group least likely to report being very satisfied. However, even though the Panhandle residents are less likely to report being very satisfied with many of the items listed, it does not mean they are necessarily more dissatisfied with those items than the other groups. For many of the items, the Panhandle residents were more likely to answer “don’t know.” The differences between the characteristics that people expect from their local school and those with which they are very satisfied are rather large. For almost all of the characteristics listed, the proportions that feel each is a high priority are larger than the proportions very satisfied with each. For many of the characteristics, the differences between the proportions viewing the characteristics as high priorities and the proportions very satisfied with each are larger for persons living in or near larger communities as compared to persons living in or near smaller communities. For a few items, the gaps are somewhat larger for persons living in or near smaller communities: providing courses for college credit, preparing students for technical/trade school, and providing advanced placement courses

Perceptions of Agriculture and the Economy in Nonmetropolitan Nebraska: 2017 Nebraska Rural Poll Results

Conclusion Most rural Nebraskans view their economic well-being as being dependent on agriculture. Over three-fourths feel their economic well-being is at least somewhat tied to agriculture. Economic dependence on agriculture has changed very little over the past seven years. The proportions reported in 2017 are almost identical to those from 2010. Similarly, most rural Nebraskans believe the economic well-being of their community is very much dependent on agriculture. Overall, over nine in ten rural Nebraskans feel their community’s economic well-being is at least somewhat tied to agriculture. Most rural Nebraskans say their job/income security is about the same as it was a year ago. The concern about job/income security was greater during the 2009 national economic recession compared to this downturn in the agricultural economy. However, most rural Nebraskans are uncertain they would find the kind of job they are looking for in their community. The level of uncertainty of finding the kind of job they would be looking for in their community was higher in 2009 than this year. This uncertainty was higher for persons living in or near smaller communities compared to those living in or near larger communities. Finally, many rural Nebraskans believe the current downturn in agriculture is about the same as other agriculture downturns of the past. Residents of the Panhandle are more likely than residents of other regions of the state to say the current downturn in agriculture is worse or much worse than previous downturns