Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin in goats following single intravenous administration

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in serum (n = 6) and urine (n = 4) in goats following a single intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg body weight. The serum concentration-time curves of ciprofloxacin were best fitted by a two-compartment open model. The drug was detected in goat serum up to 12 h. The elimination rate constant (β) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were 0.446 ± 0.04 h-1 and 1.630 ± 0.17 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 2.012 ± 0.37 l/kg and the total body clearance (ClB) was 16.27 ± 1.87 ml/min/kg. Urinary recovery of ciprofloxacin was 29.70% ± 10.34% of the administered dose within 36 h post administration. In vitro serum protein binding was 41% ± 13.10%. Thus, a single daily intravenous dose of 4 mg/kg is sufficient to maintain effective levels in serum and for 36 h in urine, allowing treatment of systemic, Gram-negative bacterial infections and urinary tract infections by most pathogens

Interplay of the Quality of Ciprofloxacin and Antibiotic Resistance in Developing Countries

Ciprofloxacin, a second generation broad spectrum fluoroquinolone, is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ciprofloxacin has a high oral bioavailability and a large volume of distribution. It is used for the treatment of a wide range of infections including urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria. However, the availability and use of substandard and spurious quality of oral ciprofloxacin formulations in the developing countries has been thought to have contributed toward increased risk of treatment failure and bacterial resistance. Therefore, quality control and bioequivalence studies of the commercially available oral ciprofloxacin formulations should be monitored. Appropriate actions should be taken against offending manufacturers in order to prevent the sale of substandard and spurious quality of ciprofloxacin formulations

Removal of trace organics by MBR treatment: The role of molecular properties

This study examined the relationship between specific molecular features of trace organic contaminants and their removal efficiencies by a laboratory scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). Removal efficiencies of 40 trace organic compounds were assessed under stable operating conditions. The reported results demonstrate an apparent correlation between chemical structures and the removal of trace organic contaminants by the laboratory scale MBR system. The removal of all 14 very hydrophobic (Log D \u3e 3.2) trace organic compounds selected in this study was consistently high and was above 85%. The occurrence and types of electron withdrawing or donating functional groups appear to be important factors governing their removal by MBR treatment. In this study, all hydrophilic and moderately hydrophobic (Log D \u3c 3.2) compounds possessing strong electron withdrawing functional groups showed removal efficiency of less than 20%. In contrast, high removal efficiencies were observed with most compounds bearing electron donating functional groups such as hydroxyl and primary amine groups. A qualitative framework for the assessment of trace organic removal by MBR treatment was proposed to provide further insights into the removal mechanisms

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in patients with chronic liver disease.

The pharmacokinetics of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine were studied from 0 to 72 hours after a single dose of 20 mg in 5 patients with chronic hepatocellular liver disease (group A), in 5 patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease (group B), and in 16 healthy volunteers. The renal function of patients and volunteers was normal (creatinine clearance > or = 70 mL/min). Cetirizine pharmacokinetics were similar in the two groups of patients. The elimination t1/2 was prolonged in patients (mean +/- standard deviation; group A: 14.32 +/- 2.30 hours; group B: 13.86 +/- 3.14 hours) in comparison with the values observed in volunteers (9.42 +/- 2.4 hours). A reduced apparent oral body clearance also was observed in patients (group A: .48 +/- .23 mL/min/kg; group B: .41 +/- .09 mL/min/kg) in comparison with volunteers (.74 +/- .19 mL/min/kg). No differences were observed in the mean cumulative urinary excretion between patients (group A: 69 +/- 15%; group B: 69 +/- 13%) and volunteers (70.7 +/- 7.8%)