Magnetic heat conductivity in CaCu2O3\rm\bf CaCu_2O_3: linear temperature dependence

We present experimental results for the thermal conductivity $\kappa$ of the pseudo 2-leg ladder material $\rm CaCu_2O_3$. The strong buckling of the ladder rungs renders this material a good approximation to a $S=1/2$ Heisenberg-chain. Despite a strong suppression of the thermal conductivity of this material in all crystal directions due to inherent disorder, we find a dominant magnetic contribution $\kappa_\mathrm{mag}$ along the chain direction. $\kappa_\mathrm{mag}$ is \textit{linear} in temperature, resembling the low-temperature limit of the thermal Drude weight $D_\mathrm{th}$ of the $S=1/2$ Heisenberg chain. The comparison of $\kappa_\mathrm{mag}$ and $D_\mathrm{th}$ yields a magnetic mean free path of $l_\mathrm{mag}\approx 22 \pm 5$ \AA, in good agreement with magnetic measurements.Comment: appears in PR

Comparison of the Economic Factors that Influence Foreign Direct Investment Growth in Nigeria and India

The study determined the compound growth rate of FDI and the factors influencing its inflow in India and Nigeria. The study showed that the time series data were non-stationary but differenced stationary and their cointegration residual and error correction model regression showed a long-term relationship and a same time period adjustment of disequilibrium between FDI and the macroeconomic variables. The growth rate and compound growth rate of FDI into India was much higher than that of Nigeria for the same time period; the results raises the question of whether the perceived notion that India is growing at a much faster pace than Nigeria is true. The determination of the relationship between FDI and the chosen economic variables suggests that Nigeria should improve on its GDP, trade openness and human capital while sustaining its inflation at the level to which it encourages FDI inflow. India attracted more FDI than Nigeria due to its large GDP, higher real interest rate and trade openness; it is suggested that a further depreciated currency would encourage more FDI inflow into India

Study on Lipid Abnormalities in Chronic Renal Failure

Dyslipidemia is a fairly common occurrence in CRF patients. Cardiovascular mortality in patients with CRF is related to dyslipidemia. This study was done to identify the lipid abnormalities and its significance in CRF patients by comparing with age, sex and BMI of matched healthy control population. After institutional ethical clearance with an informed consent and with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 56 cases of CRF were taken as study cases and Three fasting lipid profile were estimated. 25 age, sex and BMI matched healthy Population were taken as controls. The data were entered in master sheet and analyzed statistically. Dyslipidemia is seen in CRF patients. The total cholesterol, even though it was high in CRF cases compared with controls, but the change was not significant statistically. Triglycerides showed a statistically significant increase in CRF cases. LDL-C was elevated in CRF cases but the change was not significant statistically. HDL-C on the other hand showed a statistically significant drop compared to controls. These lipid abnormalities may be an important contributing factor to the cardiovascular mortality in patients with CRF

Hospital Supply Chain Management by Implementing RFID

Abstract- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems have been successfully applied and shown its worth in many fields of manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, healthcare and supply chain just to name a few. The use of RFID in healthcare and hospital services has increased significantly over the years due to its credibility and accuracy. RFID technology is acting crucial in item level tracing and tracking systems in hospital scenarios. The aim of the paper is to express and display the role of RFID technology in maintaining the inventory level of medicines and surgical items in hospital warehouses and increase its impact in healthcare. One of the crucial points that should be noted in healthcare is that the medicines and surgical items should be made available at any point of time. The implementation of RFID technology in this area is to ensure patient safety and satisfaction by maintaining a perfect inventory of medicines and surgical items. Keywords- Enterprise management, SCOR model, RFID, healthcare, hospital

X-ray absorption spectroscopy on layered cobaltates Na_xCoO_2

Measurements of polarization and temperature dependent soft x-ray absorption have been performed on Na_xCoO_2 single crystals with x=0.4 and x=0.6. They show a deviation of the local trigonal symmetry of the CoO_6 octahedra, which is temperature independent in a temperature range between 25 K and 372 K. This deviation was found to be different for Co^{3+} and Co^{4+} sites. With the help of a cluster calculation we are able to interpret the Co L_{23}-edge absorption spectrum and find a doping dependent energy splitting between the t_{2g} and the e_g levels (10Dq) in Na_xCoO_2.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure

Generic Encodings of Constructor Rewriting Systems

Rewriting is a formalism widely used in computer science and mathematical logic. The classical formalism has been extended, in the context of functional languages, with an order over the rules and, in the context of rewrite based languages, with the negation over patterns. We propose in this paper a concise and clear algorithm computing the difference over patterns which can be used to define generic encodings of constructor term rewriting systems with negation and order into classical term rewriting systems. As a direct consequence, established methods used for term rewriting systems can be applied to analyze properties of the extended systems. The approach can also be seen as a generic compiler which targets any language providing basic pattern matching primitives. The formalism provides also a new method for deciding if a set of patterns subsumes a given pattern and thus, for checking the presence of useless patterns or the completeness of a set of patterns.Comment: Added appendix with proofs and extended example

Analytical Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole Magnesium in Tablet Dosage form by RP-HPLC

INTRODUCTION: Analytical chemistry, like other areas of chemistry and science, has gone through drastic changes and growth. Analytical chemistry may defined as the “Science and art of determining the composition of materials in terms of the elements or compounds contained”. In analytical chemistry it is of prime importance to gain information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of substances and chemical species, that is to find out what a substance is composed of and exactly how much . Analytical method is a specific application of a technique to solve an analytical problem. The use of instrumentation is an exciting and fascinating part of chemical analysis that interacts with all areas of chemistry and with many other areas of pure and applied science. Analytical instrumentation plays an important role in the production and evaluation of new products and in the protection of consumers and the environment. This instrumentation provides the lower detection limits required to assure safe foods, drugs and water. The manufacture of materials, whose composition must be known precisely such as substances used in integrated circuit chips, is monitored by analytical instruments. Instrumental or physicochemical methods are based on the theory of relations between the content and the corresponding physicochemical and physical properties of the chemical system being analyzed. Changes in the system properties are either detected or recorded through the measurement of current, electrode potential, electrical conductivity, optical density, refractive index etc. with suitable and sensitive instruments. In instrumental analysis physical property of substance is measured to determine its chemical composition. Measurements of physical properties of analyte such as conductivity, electrode potential, light absorption or emission, mass to charge ratio, and fluorescence, began to be used for quantitative analysis of variety of inorganic and biochemical analyses. Highly efficient chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques began to replace distillation, extraction, and precipitation for the separation of components of complex mixtures prior to their qualitative or quantitative determination. AIM: To develop and validate the method for simultaneous estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium by RP-HPLC. OBJECTIVES: On literature survey it was found that Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium is estimated by HPLC and UV Spectrophotometric methods, in combination with other drugs in tablet and bulk dosage form. However no method could be found for simultaneous estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium, and also no method was available for such estimation in the pharmacopoeia. In view of the need for a suitable method for routine analysis of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium in formulations, attempts are being made to develop simple, precise and accurate analytical methods for simultaneous estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium and extend it for their determination in formulations. The utility of the developed methods to determine the content of both drugs in commercial tablet is also demonstrated. Validation of the method was done in accordance with USP and ICH guidelines for the assay of active ingredients. The methods were validated for parameters like accuracy, linearity, precision, specificity, ruggedness, robustness, and system suitability. These methods provide means to separate the individual components of a mixture and simultaneously characterize and quantify the components. These proposed methods are suitable for the pharmaceutical analysis in analytical laboratories. The Chromatographic methods proposed in this presume that there is a linear relationship between absorbance and component concentration. These methods have a calibration step followed by the prediction step, in which the results of the calibration step are used to estimate the component concentration from an unknown sample spectrum. The Chromatographic methods have many of full spectrum advantages. These methods are known to provide additional advantages that calibration can be performed by ignoring the concentration of all other components except the analyte of interest. These methods have been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis in spectrophotometric, chromatographic and electrochemical data. In summary, the primary objective of proposed work is to:- 1. Develop new, simple, sensitive, accurate, and economical analytical methods for the simultaneous estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium. 2. Validate the proposed methods in accordance with USP and ICH guidelines for the intended analytical application i.e., to apply the proposed method for analysis of these drugs in their combined dosage form. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: The objective of the proposed work was method development for the simultaneous estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium in tablets by RP-HPLC and to validate the developed method according to USP and ICH guidelines and applying the same for use in the quality control samples in pharmaceutical industry. As there is no official method for the simultaneous estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium in this selective combination, so we tried to develop a method by which we can quantify the amount of drug present in the given sample. In RP-HPLC method, the conditions were optimized to obtain an adequate separation of eluted compounds. Initially, various mobile phase compositions were tried, to separate titled ingredients. Mobile phase and flow rate selection was based on peak parameters (height, tailing, theoretical plates, capacity or symmetry factor), run time and resolution. The system with pH7.3 Phosphate Buffer: ACN: Water (50:35:15) at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was found to be quite robust. The optimum wavelength for detection was 302 nm at which better detector response for both the drugs was obtained. The average retention times for Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium was found to be 3.397 and 8.146 min, respectively. According toUnited States Pharmacopeia, system suitability tests are an integral part of chromatographic method. They are used to verify the reproducibility of the chromatographic system. To ascertain its effectiveness, system suitability tests were carried out on freshly prepared stock solutions. The calibration was linear in various concentration range with correlation. The low values of RSD indicate that the method was precise and accurate. The mean recoveries were found in the range of 98 – 102 %. System precision is evaluated by injecting 6 injections of standard solution and low value of % RSD shows that system is precise. Precision for method is evaluated by analyzing a sample of homogenous batch six times and the low % RSD value shows the method is precise. Method robustness was evaluated by alteration of flow rate (±0.2 mL), Wavelength (± 2 nm), Mobile phase Organic Content (±5%) and it was found robust as % RSD was below 2.0%. Ruggedness of the proposed method was determined by analysis of aliquots from homogeneous slot in different laboratories, by different analysts, different column, different system using similar environmental conditions, the % R.S.D. reported was found to be less than 2 %. The proposed method was validated in accordance with ICH parameters and the applied for analysis of the same in marketed formulations. Both sample solution and standard solution are stable at 25°C for 24 hrs. as the % difference in the RSD was found to be less than 2.0%. Finally, it can be concluded that the assay values of formulation were the same as mentioned in the label claim with the RSD of ≤ 2.0%. The proposed method was found to be accurate, precise, reproducible and stable, and can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of both the drugs in combined tablet dosage forms. CONCLUSION: An efficient high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Naproxen and Esomeprazole magnesium. In RP-HPLC method, the conditions were optimized to obtain an adequate separation of eluted compounds. Initially, various mobile phase compositions were tried, to separate titled ingredients. Mobile phase and flow rate selection was based on peak parameters (height, tailing, theoretical plates, capacity or symmetry factor), run time and resolution. The system with pH 7.3 Phosphate buffer: ACN: Water at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was found to be quite robust. The low values of RSD indicate that the method was precise and accurate. The mean recoveries were found in the range of 98 – 102 %. System precision is evaluated by injecting 6 injections of standard solution and low value of % RSD shows that system is precise. Precision for method is evaluated by analysing a sample of homogenous batch six times and the low % RSD value shows the method precise