4,672 research outputs found
Comparison of porcine thorax to gelatine blocks for wound
Published online first in International Journal of Legal Medicine. The support of EPSRC and The Home Office are recognised. Open Access, this article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:/ /creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Tissue simulants are typically used in ballistic testing as substitutes for biological tissues. Many simulants have been used, with gelatine amongst the most common. While two concentrations of gelatine (10 and 20 %) have been used extensively, no agreed standard exists for the preparation of either. Comparison of ballistic damage produced in both concentrations is lacking. The damage produced in gelatine is also questioned, with regards to what it would mean for specific areas of living tissue. The aim of the work discussed in this paper was to consider how damage caused by selected pistol and rifle ammunition varied in different simulants. Damage to gelatine blocks 10 and 20 % in concentration were tested with 9 mm Luger (9 Ă 19 full metal jacket; FMJ) rounds, while damage produced by .223 Remington (5.56 Ă 45 Federal PremiumÂź TacticalÂź BondedÂź) rounds to porcine thorax sections (skin, underlying tissue, ribs, lungs, ribs, underlying tissue, skin; backed by a block of 10 % gelatine) were compared to 10 and 20 % gelatine blocks. Results from the .223 Remington rifle round, which is one that typically expands on impact, revealed depths of penetration in the thorax arrangement were significantly different to 20 % gelatine, but not 10 % gelatine. The level of damage produced in the simulated thoraxes was smaller in scale to that witnessed in both gelatine concentrations,though greater debris was produced in the thoraxes.The support of EPSRC and The Home Office are recognised
Eminent Pearsonians: Britishness, Anti-Britishness, and Canadianism
Britishness in mid-Twentieth century Canada is usually treated as a fading overseas tie, a foreign allegiance, or a mark of dependency and colonial immaturity. There is a tendency to assume a kind of Manichean division between pro-British and anti-British: either in favour of Canadian independence, or beholden to the British connection, and to draw too sharp a distinction between what was âBritishâ and what was genuinely âCanadian.â However, a study of the Eminent Pearsonians â three generations of Canadians whose anglophilia and Canadianness were intermingled â suggests that they were neither purely anglophile nor quite anglophobe but a tertium quid. Britishness and Canadianism were far more interpenetrated than is commonly thought. The nationalism and internationalism of Pearson and his contemporaries adumbrated their adoptive English liberalism and British liberal imperialism. Indeed, Britishness was interwoven into the Canadianness of the actors, bit-players, and stage-hands of all classes, ethnicities and genders in the Canadian pageant. In the positive sense of the term, Canadianism was an excrescence of Britishness.On a habituellement interprĂ©tĂ© la « britannicitĂ© » du Canada au milieu du XXe siĂšcle comme un lien outre-atlantique Ă©vanescent, un sentiment dâallĂ©geance Ă un pays Ă©tranger, ou un signe de dĂ©pendance et dâimmaturitĂ© coloniale. On a tendance Ă diviser de façon manichĂ©enne les pro- et les antibritanniques â les uns favorables au lien britannique, les autres, Ă lâindĂ©pendance du Canada â et de distinguer sans nuance ce qui est « britannique » de ce qui est authentiquement « canadien ». Toutefois, une Ă©tude portant sur les cĂ©lĂšbres Pearsoniens (trois gĂ©nĂ©rations de Canadiens qui ont assumĂ© Ă la fois leur anglophilie et leur « canadianitĂ© ») suggĂšre quâils nâĂ©taient ni purement anglophiles ni tout Ă fait anglophobes, mais quâils se situaient entre les deux. La britannicitĂ© et la canadianitĂ© sâinterpĂ©nĂ©traient bien plus quâon le pense gĂ©nĂ©ralement. Le nationalisme et lâinternationalisme pratiquĂ©s par Pearson et ses contemporains Ă©taient teintĂ©s de libĂ©ralisme anglais et dâimpĂ©rialisme libĂ©ral britannique. En fait, la britannicitĂ© a colorĂ© la canadianitĂ© de tous ceux et celles qui, de prĂšs ou de loin, et quelles quâaient Ă©tĂ© leurs origines sociales et ethniques, ont participĂ© Ă lâaventure historique canadienne. Dans le sens positif du terme, le canadianisme Ă©tait une excroissance de la britannicitĂ©
Alien Registration- Champion, William C. (East Millinocket, Penobscot County)
https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/10899/thumbnail.jp
Blade Sharpness and its Effect on the Testing of Body Armours
Factors such as edge sharpness and tip sharpness have been identified by Horsfall,1 as keyvariables in the testing of stab and slash resistant armours. This paper evaluates the influenceof blade sharpness on the mechanics of penetration and its relationship with a variety ofmaterials used for body armour systems. The differences in performance between blunt andsharp blades are compared by dynamic tests using an instrumented drop tower, measuringpeak loads and energy to penetration. Variance in the initial impact forces required topenetrate body armour between blunt and sharp blades is shown. However, the total energyto penetration for both sharp and blunt knives was found to be similar for a specific bodyarmour system. Dynamic tests were also used to evaluate the effect of wear on bladeperformance by the comparison of the initial loads for puncture and depth of penetration onaramid and metallic armour systems. The effect of sharpness on the reproducibility of testresults is also investigated and discussed. Various test methods are described for themeasurement of sharpness for both stab and slash and compared. The recent development ofa new non-destructive proof test method to measure tip and edge sharpness is also described
Deep Learning How to Fit an Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Model to Diffusion-Weighted MRI
Purpose: This prospective clinical study assesses the feasibility of training
a deep neural network (DNN) for intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model
fitting to diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) data and
evaluates its performance. Methods: In May 2011, ten male volunteers (age
range: 29 to 53 years, mean: 37 years) underwent DW-MRI of the upper abdomen on
1.5T and 3.0T magnetic resonance scanners. Regions of interest in the left and
right liver lobe, pancreas, spleen, renal cortex, and renal medulla were
delineated independently by two readers. DNNs were trained for IVIM model
fitting using these data; results were compared to least-squares and Bayesian
approaches to IVIM fitting. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were used
to assess consistency of measurements between readers. Intersubject variability
was evaluated using Coefficients of Variation (CV). The fitting error was
calculated based on simulated data and the average fitting time of each method
was recorded. Results: DNNs were trained successfully for IVIM parameter
estimation. This approach was associated with high consistency between the two
readers (ICCs between 50 and 97%), low intersubject variability of estimated
parameter values (CVs between 9.2 and 28.4), and the lowest error when compared
with least-squares and Bayesian approaches. Fitting by DNNs was several orders
of magnitude quicker than the other methods but the networks may need to be
re-trained for different acquisition protocols or imaged anatomical regions.
Conclusion: DNNs are recommended for accurate and robust IVIM model fitting to
DW-MRI data. Suitable software is available at (1)
The millisecond pulsar mass distribution: Evidence for bimodality and constraints on the maximum neutron star mass
The mass function of neutron stars (NSs) contains information about the late
evolution of massive stars, the supernova explosion mechanism, and the
equation-of-state of cold, nuclear matter beyond the nuclear saturation
density. A number of recent NS mass measurements in binary millisecond pulsar
(MSP) systems increase the fraction of massive NSs (with M)
to of the observed population. In light of these results, we
employ a Bayesian framework to revisit the MSP mass distribution. We find that
a single Gaussian model does not sufficiently describe the observed population.
We test alternative empirical models and infer that the MSP mass distribution
is strongly asymmetric. The diversity in spin and orbital properties of
high-mass NSs suggests that this is most likely not a result of the recycling
process, but rather reflects differences in the NS birth masses. The asymmetry
is best accounted for by a bimodal distribution with a low mass component
centred at M and dispersed by
M, and a high-mass component with a mean of
and a dispersion of
M. We also establish a lower limit of M
at 98% C.L. for the maximum NS mass, from the absence of a high-mass truncation
in the observed masses. Using our inferred model, we find that the measurement
of 350 MSP masses, expected after the conclusion of pulsar surveys with the
Square-Kilometre Array, can result in a precise localization of a maximum mass
up to 2.15 M, with a 5% accuracy. Finally, we identify possible
massive NSs within the known pulsar population and discuss birth masses of
MSPs.Comment: submitted to ApJ; 21 pages in aastex6 two-column format, 12 figures,
5 tables. Comments are welcom
La réinsertion professionnelle des bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale en Suisse et en Allemagne
Parmi les régimes sociaux pour les personnes sans emploi en ùge de travailler, l'aide sociale compte parmi ceux qui ont été confrontés aux
plus grands changements au cours des vingt derniÚres années. Durant cette période, le nombre et le profil des bénéficiaires a évolué à un tel
point qu'il devient aujourd'hui difficile de considérer l'aide sociale uniquement sous le prisme d'un dernier filet de protection sociale intervenant
pour une minorité d'individus fortement marginalisés socialement. Aujourd'hui, accompagnant une hausse réguliÚre du nombre de bénéficiaires,
le public de l'aide sociale est devenu beaucoup plus hétérogÚne, incorporant une frange de plus en plus importante de personnes pour qui
le chĂŽmage de longue durĂ©e ou le sous-emploi constituent de fait le principal problĂšme. Loin d'ĂȘtre un phĂ©nomĂšne typiquement suisse, la
transformation radicale du public touchant des prestations d'aide sociale a en fait touché l'ensemble des pays européens.
Ces développements questionnent fondamentalement la mission de l'aide sociale. Traditionnellement, deux missions ont été au centre
de l'aide sociale : garantir le minimum vital et favoriser l'intégration sociale des personnes les plus marginalisées socialement. Toutefois,
aujourd'hui, avec l'émergence de nouveaux publics, se pose crucialement la question de la réorientation des régimes d'aide sociale vers une
prise en charge visant le retour sur le premier marché du travail à plus ou moins long terme. De quels types de mesures de réinsertion
professionnelle et de services de placement les bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale disposent-ils en Suisse ? Quels dispositifs organisationnels
permettent-ils de garantir une prise en charge orientée vers l'emploi adaptée aux bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale ?
En Suisse, bien que la réinsertion professionnelle soit désormais considérée comme une mission intégrale de l'aide sociale au niveau politique,
il existe encore peu d'études empiriques sur les pratiques effectives mises en place dans les différents cantons en matiÚre d'aide à la réinsertion
professionnelle des bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale. Sans prétendre à l'exhaustivité, cette étude dresse un état des lieux de la situation actuelle
en Suisse sur la base des quelques Ă©tudes existantes et d'une enquĂȘte par questionnaire rĂ©alisĂ©e auprĂšs des responsables cantonaux en 2011.
Malgré d'importantes différences entre et à l'intérieur des cantons et de nombreuses lacunes dans les données statistiques, un des principaux résultats
qui ressort de cette étude est que l'accÚs des bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale à une prise en charge orientée emploi en Suisse reste problématique
à plusieurs égards. En effet, alors que l'offre développée par les services sociaux en matiÚre de mesures de réinsertion professionnelle reste
souvent restreinte, d'autres pratiques telles que la collaboration interinstitutionnelle ou le recours aux ORP pour les services de placement
présentent aussi plusieurs limites. Une comparaison avec la situation en Allemagne, qui a complÚtement réorganisé la prise en charge de ses
chÎmeurs de longue durée en 2005 en créant une prestation financiÚre et une structure de prise en charge spécifique à cette catégorie de
sans-emplois, confirme le potentiel d'amélioration des efforts réalisés en Suisse, particuliÚrement en ce qui concerne l'importance accordée
au retour à l'emploi et l'accÚs aux mesures de réinsertion professionnelle les plus prometteuses. Toutefois, et malgré une réduction significative
du nombre de chÎmeurs de longue durée depuis l'introduction de la réforme Hartz IV en 2005, l'expérience allemande indique que la mise
sur pied d'une structure spécialisée n'est pas non plus sans créer des problÚmes, et que, plus généralement, il est difficile d'imputer le
succÚs d'une politique de réinsertion professionnelle pour les bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale uniquement à son modÚle organisationnel
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