4,672 research outputs found

    Comparison of porcine thorax to gelatine blocks for wound

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    Published online first in International Journal of Legal Medicine. The support of EPSRC and The Home Office are recognised. Open Access, this article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:/ /creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Tissue simulants are typically used in ballistic testing as substitutes for biological tissues. Many simulants have been used, with gelatine amongst the most common. While two concentrations of gelatine (10 and 20 %) have been used extensively, no agreed standard exists for the preparation of either. Comparison of ballistic damage produced in both concentrations is lacking. The damage produced in gelatine is also questioned, with regards to what it would mean for specific areas of living tissue. The aim of the work discussed in this paper was to consider how damage caused by selected pistol and rifle ammunition varied in different simulants. Damage to gelatine blocks 10 and 20 % in concentration were tested with 9 mm Luger (9 × 19 full metal jacket; FMJ) rounds, while damage produced by .223 Remington (5.56 × 45 Federal Premium¼ Tactical¼ Bonded¼) rounds to porcine thorax sections (skin, underlying tissue, ribs, lungs, ribs, underlying tissue, skin; backed by a block of 10 % gelatine) were compared to 10 and 20 % gelatine blocks. Results from the .223 Remington rifle round, which is one that typically expands on impact, revealed depths of penetration in the thorax arrangement were significantly different to 20 % gelatine, but not 10 % gelatine. The level of damage produced in the simulated thoraxes was smaller in scale to that witnessed in both gelatine concentrations,though greater debris was produced in the thoraxes.The support of EPSRC and The Home Office are recognised

    Eminent Pearsonians: Britishness, Anti-Britishness, and Canadianism

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    Britishness in mid-Twentieth century Canada is usually treated as a fading overseas tie, a foreign allegiance, or a mark of dependency and colonial immaturity. There is a tendency to assume a kind of Manichean division between pro-British and anti-British: either in favour of Canadian independence, or beholden to the British connection, and to draw too sharp a distinction between what was “British” and what was genuinely “Canadian.” However, a study of the Eminent Pearsonians – three generations of Canadians whose anglophilia and Canadianness were intermingled – suggests that they were neither purely anglophile nor quite anglophobe but a tertium quid. Britishness and Canadianism were far more interpenetrated than is commonly thought. The nationalism and internationalism of Pearson and his contemporaries adumbrated their adoptive English liberalism and British liberal imperialism. Indeed, Britishness was interwoven into the Canadianness of the actors, bit-players, and stage-hands of all classes, ethnicities and genders in the Canadian pageant. In the positive sense of the term, Canadianism was an excrescence of Britishness.On a habituellement interprĂ©tĂ© la « britannicitĂ© » du Canada au milieu du XXe siĂšcle comme un lien outre-atlantique Ă©vanescent, un sentiment d’allĂ©geance Ă  un pays Ă©tranger, ou un signe de dĂ©pendance et d’immaturitĂ© coloniale. On a tendance Ă  diviser de façon manichĂ©enne les pro- et les antibritanniques – les uns favorables au lien britannique, les autres, Ă  l’indĂ©pendance du Canada – et de distinguer sans nuance ce qui est « britannique » de ce qui est authentiquement « canadien ». Toutefois, une Ă©tude portant sur les cĂ©lĂšbres Pearsoniens (trois gĂ©nĂ©rations de Canadiens qui ont assumĂ© Ă  la fois leur anglophilie et leur « canadianitĂ© ») suggĂšre qu’ils n’étaient ni purement anglophiles ni tout Ă  fait anglophobes, mais qu’ils se situaient entre les deux. La britannicitĂ© et la canadianitĂ© s’interpĂ©nĂ©traient bien plus qu’on le pense gĂ©nĂ©ralement. Le nationalisme et l’internationalisme pratiquĂ©s par Pearson et ses contemporains Ă©taient teintĂ©s de libĂ©ralisme anglais et d’impĂ©rialisme libĂ©ral britannique. En fait, la britannicitĂ© a colorĂ© la canadianitĂ© de tous ceux et celles qui, de prĂšs ou de loin, et quelles qu’aient Ă©tĂ© leurs origines sociales et ethniques, ont participĂ© Ă  l’aventure historique canadienne. Dans le sens positif du terme, le canadianisme Ă©tait une excroissance de la britannicitĂ©

    Alien Registration- Champion, William C. (East Millinocket, Penobscot County)

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    https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/10899/thumbnail.jp

    Blade Sharpness and its Effect on the Testing of Body Armours

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    Factors such as edge sharpness and tip sharpness have been identified by Horsfall,1 as keyvariables in the testing of stab and slash resistant armours. This paper evaluates the influenceof blade sharpness on the mechanics of penetration and its relationship with a variety ofmaterials used for body armour systems. The differences in performance between blunt andsharp blades are compared by dynamic tests using an instrumented drop tower, measuringpeak loads and energy to penetration. Variance in the initial impact forces required topenetrate body armour between blunt and sharp blades is shown. However, the total energyto penetration for both sharp and blunt knives was found to be similar for a specific bodyarmour system. Dynamic tests were also used to evaluate the effect of wear on bladeperformance by the comparison of the initial loads for puncture and depth of penetration onaramid and metallic armour systems. The effect of sharpness on the reproducibility of testresults is also investigated and discussed. Various test methods are described for themeasurement of sharpness for both stab and slash and compared. The recent development ofa new non-destructive proof test method to measure tip and edge sharpness is also described

    Deep Learning How to Fit an Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Model to Diffusion-Weighted MRI

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    Purpose: This prospective clinical study assesses the feasibility of training a deep neural network (DNN) for intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model fitting to diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) data and evaluates its performance. Methods: In May 2011, ten male volunteers (age range: 29 to 53 years, mean: 37 years) underwent DW-MRI of the upper abdomen on 1.5T and 3.0T magnetic resonance scanners. Regions of interest in the left and right liver lobe, pancreas, spleen, renal cortex, and renal medulla were delineated independently by two readers. DNNs were trained for IVIM model fitting using these data; results were compared to least-squares and Bayesian approaches to IVIM fitting. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were used to assess consistency of measurements between readers. Intersubject variability was evaluated using Coefficients of Variation (CV). The fitting error was calculated based on simulated data and the average fitting time of each method was recorded. Results: DNNs were trained successfully for IVIM parameter estimation. This approach was associated with high consistency between the two readers (ICCs between 50 and 97%), low intersubject variability of estimated parameter values (CVs between 9.2 and 28.4), and the lowest error when compared with least-squares and Bayesian approaches. Fitting by DNNs was several orders of magnitude quicker than the other methods but the networks may need to be re-trained for different acquisition protocols or imaged anatomical regions. Conclusion: DNNs are recommended for accurate and robust IVIM model fitting to DW-MRI data. Suitable software is available at (1)

    The millisecond pulsar mass distribution: Evidence for bimodality and constraints on the maximum neutron star mass

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    The mass function of neutron stars (NSs) contains information about the late evolution of massive stars, the supernova explosion mechanism, and the equation-of-state of cold, nuclear matter beyond the nuclear saturation density. A number of recent NS mass measurements in binary millisecond pulsar (MSP) systems increase the fraction of massive NSs (with M>1.8M > 1.8 M⊙_{\odot}) to ∌20%\sim 20\% of the observed population. In light of these results, we employ a Bayesian framework to revisit the MSP mass distribution. We find that a single Gaussian model does not sufficiently describe the observed population. We test alternative empirical models and infer that the MSP mass distribution is strongly asymmetric. The diversity in spin and orbital properties of high-mass NSs suggests that this is most likely not a result of the recycling process, but rather reflects differences in the NS birth masses. The asymmetry is best accounted for by a bimodal distribution with a low mass component centred at 1.393−0.029+0.0311.393_{-0.029}^{+0.031} M⊙_{\odot} and dispersed by 0.064−0.025+0.0640.064_{-0.025}^{+0.064} M⊙_{\odot}, and a high-mass component with a mean of 1.807−0.132+0.0811.807_{-0.132}^{+0.081} and a dispersion of 0.177−0.072+0.1150.177_{-0.072}^{+0.115} M⊙_{\odot}. We also establish a lower limit of Mmax≄2.018M_{max} \ge 2.018 M⊙_{\odot} at 98% C.L. for the maximum NS mass, from the absence of a high-mass truncation in the observed masses. Using our inferred model, we find that the measurement of 350 MSP masses, expected after the conclusion of pulsar surveys with the Square-Kilometre Array, can result in a precise localization of a maximum mass up to 2.15 M⊙_{\odot}, with a 5% accuracy. Finally, we identify possible massive NSs within the known pulsar population and discuss birth masses of MSPs.Comment: submitted to ApJ; 21 pages in aastex6 two-column format, 12 figures, 5 tables. Comments are welcom

    La réinsertion professionnelle des bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale en Suisse et en Allemagne

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    Parmi les rĂ©gimes sociaux pour les personnes sans emploi en Ăąge de travailler, l'aide sociale compte parmi ceux qui ont Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©s aux plus grands changements au cours des vingt derniĂšres annĂ©es. Durant cette pĂ©riode, le nombre et le profil des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires a Ă©voluĂ© Ă  un tel point qu'il devient aujourd'hui difficile de considĂ©rer l'aide sociale uniquement sous le prisme d'un dernier filet de protection sociale intervenant pour une minoritĂ© d'individus fortement marginalisĂ©s socialement. Aujourd'hui, accompagnant une hausse rĂ©guliĂšre du nombre de bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires, le public de l'aide sociale est devenu beaucoup plus hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne, incorporant une frange de plus en plus importante de personnes pour qui le chĂŽmage de longue durĂ©e ou le sous-emploi constituent de fait le principal problĂšme. Loin d'ĂȘtre un phĂ©nomĂšne typiquement suisse, la transformation radicale du public touchant des prestations d'aide sociale a en fait touchĂ© l'ensemble des pays europĂ©ens. Ces dĂ©veloppements questionnent fondamentalement la mission de l'aide sociale. Traditionnellement, deux missions ont Ă©tĂ© au centre de l'aide sociale : garantir le minimum vital et favoriser l'intĂ©gration sociale des personnes les plus marginalisĂ©es socialement. Toutefois, aujourd'hui, avec l'Ă©mergence de nouveaux publics, se pose crucialement la question de la rĂ©orientation des rĂ©gimes d'aide sociale vers une prise en charge visant le retour sur le premier marchĂ© du travail Ă  plus ou moins long terme. De quels types de mesures de rĂ©insertion professionnelle et de services de placement les bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de l'aide sociale disposent-ils en Suisse ? Quels dispositifs organisationnels permettent-ils de garantir une prise en charge orientĂ©e vers l'emploi adaptĂ©e aux bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de l'aide sociale ? En Suisse, bien que la rĂ©insertion professionnelle soit dĂ©sormais considĂ©rĂ©e comme une mission intĂ©grale de l'aide sociale au niveau politique, il existe encore peu d'Ă©tudes empiriques sur les pratiques effectives mises en place dans les diffĂ©rents cantons en matiĂšre d'aide Ă  la rĂ©insertion professionnelle des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de l'aide sociale. Sans prĂ©tendre Ă  l'exhaustivitĂ©, cette Ă©tude dresse un Ă©tat des lieux de la situation actuelle en Suisse sur la base des quelques Ă©tudes existantes et d'une enquĂȘte par questionnaire rĂ©alisĂ©e auprĂšs des responsables cantonaux en 2011. MalgrĂ© d'importantes diffĂ©rences entre et Ă  l'intĂ©rieur des cantons et de nombreuses lacunes dans les donnĂ©es statistiques, un des principaux rĂ©sultats qui ressort de cette Ă©tude est que l'accĂšs des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de l'aide sociale Ă  une prise en charge orientĂ©e emploi en Suisse reste problĂ©matique Ă  plusieurs Ă©gards. En effet, alors que l'offre dĂ©veloppĂ©e par les services sociaux en matiĂšre de mesures de rĂ©insertion professionnelle reste souvent restreinte, d'autres pratiques telles que la collaboration interinstitutionnelle ou le recours aux ORP pour les services de placement prĂ©sentent aussi plusieurs limites. Une comparaison avec la situation en Allemagne, qui a complĂštement rĂ©organisĂ© la prise en charge de ses chĂŽmeurs de longue durĂ©e en 2005 en crĂ©ant une prestation financiĂšre et une structure de prise en charge spĂ©cifique Ă  cette catĂ©gorie de sans-emplois, confirme le potentiel d'amĂ©lioration des efforts rĂ©alisĂ©s en Suisse, particuliĂšrement en ce qui concerne l'importance accordĂ©e au retour Ă  l'emploi et l'accĂšs aux mesures de rĂ©insertion professionnelle les plus prometteuses. Toutefois, et malgrĂ© une rĂ©duction significative du nombre de chĂŽmeurs de longue durĂ©e depuis l'introduction de la rĂ©forme Hartz IV en 2005, l'expĂ©rience allemande indique que la mise sur pied d'une structure spĂ©cialisĂ©e n'est pas non plus sans crĂ©er des problĂšmes, et que, plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, il est difficile d'imputer le succĂšs d'une politique de rĂ©insertion professionnelle pour les bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de l'aide sociale uniquement Ă  son modĂšle organisationnel
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