Trends in healthy life expectancy among older Brazilian women between 1998 and 2008

OBJECTIVE To analyze conditional and unconditional healthy life expectancy among older Brazilian women.METHODS This cross-sectional study used the intercensal technique to estimate, in the absence of longitudinal data, healthy life expectancy that is conditional and unconditional on the individual’s current health status. The data used were obtained from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (National Household Sample Survey) of 1998, 2003, and 2008. This sample comprised 11,171; 13,694; and 16,259 women aged 65 years or more, respectively. Complete mortality tables from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for the years 2001 and 2006 were also used. The definition of health status was based on the difficulty in performing activities of daily living.RESULTS The remaining lifetime was strongly dependent on the current health status of the older women. Between 1998 and 2003, the amount of time lived with disability for healthy women at age 65 was 9.8%. This percentage increased to 66.2% when the women already presented some disability at age 65. Temporal analysis showed that the active life expectancy of the women at age 65 increased between 1998-2003 (19.3 years) and 2003-2008 (19.4 years). However, life years gained have been mainly focused on the unhealthy state.CONCLUSIONS Analysis of conditional and unconditional life expectancy indicated that live years gained are a result of the decline of mortality in unhealthy states. This pattern suggests that there has been no reduction in morbidity among older women in Brazil between 1998 and 2008.OBJETIVO Analisar a expectativa de vida saudável condicional e não condicional de idosas brasileiras.MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, utilizando a técnica intercensitária, para estimar, na ausência de dados longitudinais, a expectativa de vida saudável não condicional e condicional ao estado de saúde corrente do indivíduo. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 1998, 2003 e 2008, cuja amostra foi composta, respectivamente, por 11.171, 13.694 e 16.259 mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos. Foram utilizadas, também, tábuas completas de mortalidade do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, para os anos de 2001 e 2006. A definição dos estados de saúde baseou-se na dificuldade em realizar as atividades de vida diária.RESULTADOS O tempo de vida remanescente apresentou forte dependência com o estado de saúde corrente das idosas. No período 1998-2003, a proporção do tempo a ser vivido com incapacidade por mulheres saudáveis aos 65 anos era de 9,8%. Esse percentual aumentou para 66,2% quando as mulheres aos 65 anos já apresentavam alguma incapacidade. A análise temporal mostrou que a expectativa de vida ativa das mulheres aos 65 anos aumentou entre 1998-2003 (19,3 anos) e 2003-2008 (19,4 anos). No entanto, ganhos de vida se concentraram, sobretudo, no estado não saudável.CONCLUSÕES A análise da expectativa de vida condicional e não condicional indica concentração dos ganhos de vida, provenientes do declínio da mortalidade, em estados não saudáveis. Esse padrão sugere que não houve redução da morbidade entre as idosas brasileiras entre 1998 e 2008

Desigualdade regional na distribuição dos recursos previdenciários: uma análise das transferências intrageracionais e de período

This paper aims to estimate the distributional effects of Social Security, among Brazilian regions, addressing two aspects: transfers between individuals of the same cohort but of different regions, i.e., cross-subsidies to consider the benefits and contributions made over life cycle, and transfers that occur among regions, from 2008. Through the use of measures of financial return, it checks if the system draws resources through tax from richer regions to deliver them, on payment of pensions, to the poorest. Exercises to standardize the age structure, pattern of mortality and socioeconomic factors are performed in order to isolate these components inter-regional flows of public pension funds. The results show that the system shows progressive fulfilling its social role in regional distribution of system funds. The protection afforded mainly the Northeast, implies, in contrast, in a considerable size of funds transfers between regions, with losses non trivial for the Southeast region and a negative net return to the North from the perspective of transfer period.Social Security; Transfers; Cohort; Brazilian regions.

Previdência social e desigualdade racial no Brasil

We examine how Social Security affects the distribution of resources between racial groups in Brazil. To do this, we apply two methodological perspectives. Using a life-cycle perspective, we compare contributions and benefits accrued over the life cycle of representative individuals of each racial group. From a period or cross-sectional perspective, we compare social security transfers in a specific year. The goal is to measure how differences in age composition affect transfers between groups, each period. The results show that the social security perform three important roles that are inextricably linked: in the life cycle perspective, recourses are transferred from whites to blacks, buffering the effects of racial labor income differences during active years; in the cross-sectional perspective, social security transfers reduce income inequality and poverty among black and balance the participation of both racial groups in the social security budget, despite the larger proportion of young people among blacks.Social security, population aging, race disparities.

Abuelos y nietos, ¿una convivencia beneficiosa para los más jóvenes? El caso de Brasil y Perú

Este trabajo analiza cuál es el efecto que laconvivencia en un mismo hogar de personas deedad con niños y niñas puede tener sobre elbienestar de los más jóvenes. En el estudio secomparan los casos de Brasil y Perú. Dentro deeste análisis tiene un papel destacado que eladulto mayor reciba una transferenciagubernamental. El envejecimiento reciente esuna situación común en los dos países, aunquehay diferencias importantes en los sistemas detransferencias gubernamentales. Brasil es unpaís donde existe un sistema de seguridadsocial muy generoso con las personas de edad.Mientras que Perú se caracteriza por unsistema de seguridad social muy débil quedesatiende las necesidades de su población másmayor. La convivencia de adultos mayores oabuelos con niños parece influir positivamenteen la acumulación de capital humano y en loscuidados de salud de los niños tanto en Brasilcomo en Perú

Populations et territoires du Brésil

La population brésilienne se trouve actuellement à un stade avancé de la transition démographique, suivant en cela, mais avec un rythme accéléré le processus qu’ont connu les pays développés. La transition démographique au Brésil a commencé dans les années 1930 avec la baisse du taux de mortalité infantile et elle s’est traduite par une multiplication par six de la population entre 1930 et 2010. La baisse de la mortalité a été suivie, au milieu de la décennie 1960, par une réduction rapide de..