Sailing on the Edge: a World-Systems Analysis of Pirates and Privateers in the Atlantic and Caribbean in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Despite modern conceptions, pirates were not typically cruel, greedy, and dishonest men of the lowest social ranks, but often began as privateers for local navies. It was only when they attacked an unassigned target that their status changed to that of piracy in the eyes of their patrons. However, if the illegal attack was against an enemy, the Crown often allowed the action to continue. This created a fluid status between legality and treason. This study examines the nature of piracy in the Atlantic and Caribbean in a broader context, using Edward Teach as a key figure to place piratical behavior into the larger scheme of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries. To do this, I examine the actions of these individuals within the framework of the rational choice model, and use world-systems analysis to discuss how competing cores employed the skills of pirates and privateers

Piracy in a Contested Periphery: Incorporation and the Emergence of the Modern World-System in the Colonial Atlantic Frontier

This article uses world-systems analysis to examine the role that pirates and privateers played in the competition between European core states in the Atlantic and Caribbean frontier during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Piracy was an integral part of core-periphery interaction, as a force that nations could use against one another in the form of privateers, and as a reaction against increasing constraints on freedom of action by those same states, thus forming a semiperiphery. Although modern portrayals of pirates and privateers paint a distinct line between the two groups, historical records indicate that their actual status was rather fluid, with particular people moving back and forth between the two. As a result, the individuals were on a margin between legality and treason, often crossing from one to the other. In this study we discuss how pirates and privateers fit into the margins of society in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, also known as the Golden Age of Piracy, specifically using the example of Edward Teach, aka Blackbeard. The present analysis can contribute to our understanding not only of piracy, but also of the structure of peripheries and semiperipheries that in some ways reflect resistance to incorporation

Synthesis and characterization of silica/silver multilayer nanoparticles and their application in surface enhanced spectroscopy

This research is focused on determining the most effective silver shell growth method formultilayered metallic nanoparticles, and determining the plausibility of using embedded[Ru(bpy)3]2+ as an internal standard for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In the surfacestudy, silica particles were functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane followed by avariety of seeding techniques to complete the silver shell. This study revealed that the optimumsynthesis method prior to the hydrogen reduction of the silver shell utilized a tin treatmentfollowed by a silver (I) oxide soak, resulting in the best surface coverage. Likewise extinctionanalysis revealed that this type of particle absorbs the most light, which likely is important forsurface enhanced spectroscopy.In the second part of the study, a procedure is reported for the synthesis of multilayeredmetallic nanoparticles with a dye molecule ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) embedded in the dielectric layerseparating the two silver layers. Raman spectroscopy was used to prove the success ofembedding the dye molecule into the spacer layer. Fluorescence, extinction, absorption, andscattering data were used to determine that, as the shell is synthesized, it begins to absorb moreof the excitation light. This absorption is a problem because [Ru(bpy)3]2+ has a low quantumyield of only 7.2% and the signal is easily extinguished as the shell becomes thicker. Finally, the particles with the embedded dye molecule were used for a preliminary test to determine theirusefulness as an internal standard for surface enhanced Raman scattering. This preliminarystudy revealed that it is possible to detect [Ru(bpy)3]2+ using the 457.9 nm laser and use a632.8 nm laser line to detect a 500 nM crystal violet solution. 500 nM is below the detection ofcrystal violet only using Raman spectroscopy

Seeing a drummer’s performance modulates the subjective experience of groove when listening to popular music drum patterns

Spontaneous rhythmical movements, like foot-tapping and head-bobbing, often emerge when people listen to music, promoting the sensation of being in the ‘groove’: a psychological construct that additionally incorporates positive affect. Here we report the first study to investigate if seeing the music maker modulates this subjective experience of groove. Across trials participants (n = 36) listened to high and low groove drum beats, while concurrently observing a task-irrelevant point-light display (PLD) of the drummer. The PLD was either fully-corresponding with the audio or was incompatible across three other visual display conditions: a static PLD, a corresponding but asynchronous PLD (0.5s time shifted); or a non-corresponding PLD (e.g. low groove audio paired with high groove PLD). Participants rated: (a) their desire to move; and (b) the perceived groove in response to the auditory beats only, using 8-point Likert scales. In both measurements there were significant main effects of groove level and of visual display. Ratings were higher for high compared to low groove audio, and for the fully-corresponding condition compared to the other three visual conditions. The participants’ desire to move was also rated higher in the static condition compared to the non-corresponding condition, while the two-way interaction was also significant: ratings were higher for the high compared to low groove audio in the fully-corresponding, static and asynchronous conditions, but not in the non-corresponding condition. These findings identify the importance of seeing as well as hearing the musician for an enhanced listening experience, which necessitates a multimodal account of music perception

Triclinic polymorph of bis­(triphenyl­sil­yl) oxide toluene disolvate

A new polymorph of the title compound, C36H30OSi2·2C7H8, is reported, which is triclinic (P-1) instead of possessing the previously reported rhombohedral symmetry [Hönle et al. (1990). Acta Cryst. C46, 1982–1984]. Each of the –SiPh3 units are related by the inversion center. The Si—O—Si moiety is linear with the O atom sitting on an inversion center, and the O—Si—(toluene ring centroid) angle is 3.69 (15)°. Each toluene mol­ecule is 5.622 (2) Å from the Si atom and has its closest contacts with the phenyl rings outside of the van der Waals radii

Illuminating the Lived Experiences of Research with Indigenous Communities

The historical exploitation experienced by indigenous people in the United States has left a number of negative legacies, including dis- trust toward research. This distrust poses a barrier to progress made through culturally sensitive research. Given the complex history of research with indigenous groups, the purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to illuminate the lived experiences of both indigenous and non-indigenous researchers conducting cul- turally competent research with indigenous people. Interviews from 13 social science research experts revealed 6 underlying themes about their research with indigenous people, including respect and commitment, mutual trust, affirmation, harmony among multiple worldviews, responsibility, and spiritual/personal growth

Vol. 2 Ch. 5 Scale and Community in Hopewell Networks (SCHoN): Summary of Preliminary Results

https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/encountering_hopewell/1015/thumbnail.jp

Vol. 2 Ch. 4 Material Choice and Interaction on Brown\u27s Bottom

https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/encountering_hopewell/1014/thumbnail.jp

Laboratory simulations of fluid-induced seismicity, hydraulic fracture, and fluid flow

Fluid-induced seismicity has been observed and recorded for decades. Seismic energy necessarily requires a source, which is frequently related to rock fracture either in compression or tension. In both cases, such fracture may be promoted by crustal fluids. In this paper, we review some of the advances in the field of fluid-induced seismicity, with a particular focus on the use and application of new and innovative laboratory methods to better understand the complex, coupled, processes in shallow sub-surface energy extraction applications. We discuss the current state-of-the-art with specific reference to Thermal-Hydraulic-Coupling in volcanotectonic environments, which has a long history of fluid-driven seismic events linked to deep fluid movement. This ranges from local earthquakes to fluid-driven resonance, known as volcanic tremor. More recently so-called non-volcanic tremor has been identified in a range of scenarios where motion at an interface is primarily driven by fluids rather than significant stress release. Finally, we review rock fracture in the tensile regime which occurs naturally and in the engineered environment for developing fractures for the purpose of resource extraction, such as hydraulic fracturing in unconventional hydrocarbon industry or developing Hot-Dry-Rock geothermal reservoirs