Padrão geográfico de diversidade genética em populações naturais de Pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora), na Amazônia Central

Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke, Lauraceae) is an Amazonian evergreen tree and a source of the purest linalool, the main component of its essential oil, which is very valuable in the international perfumery market. After decades of over-exploitation it is currently considered as threatened. We evaluated the genetic diversity and its distribution in four populations in Central Amazonia. Thirty-five reliable RAPD markers were generated, of which 32 were polymorphic (91.4%). Variation was higher within the populations (76.5%; p < 0.0001) and geographic distribution contributed to population differentiation (23.4%; p < 0.0001). The Amazon River had a small influence on gene flow (3.3%; p < 0.0001), but we identified evidence of gene flow across the river. There were significant differences in marker frequencies (p < 0.05), in agreement with the low gene flow (Nm = 2.02). The correlation between genetic distance and gene flow was - 0.95 (p = 0.06) and between geographic distance and gene flow was -0.78 (p = 0.12). There was a geographic cline of variability across an East-West axis, influenced as well by the Amazon River, suggesting the river could be a barrier to gene flow. Although threatened, these Rosewood populations retain high diversity, with the highest levels in the Manaus population, which has been protected for over 42 years in a Reserve.O Pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke, Lauraceae) é uma árvore amazônica fonte do mais puro linalol, o qual é o principal componente do seu óleo essencial e muito valioso no mercado internacional de perfumaria. Após várias décadas de intensa exploração, a espécie foi levada à categoria de ameaçada de extinção. Quatro populações naturais distribuídas na bacia Amazônia Central foram avaliadas quanto ao nível e a distribuição da diversidade genética. Trinta e cinco marcadores RAPD reprodutíveis foram gerados, dos quais 32 foram polimórficos (91,4%). A diversidade foi maior dentro das populações (76,5%; p < 0,0001) e a distribuição geográfica contribuiu para a diferenciação entre as populações (23,4%; p < 0,0001). A AMOVA indicou que pode haver uma influência parcial do Rio Amazonas no fluxo gênico (3,3%; p < 0,0001), mas foram identificadas evidências de fluxo gênico atravessando o rio. Houve diferenças significativas nas freqüências dos marcadores (p < 0,05) e o fluxo gênico estimado foi relativamente baixo (Nm = 2,02). A correlação entre a distância genética e o fluxo gênico foi de - 0,95 (p = 0,06) e para a distância geográfica e o fluxo gênico foi de - 0,78 (p = 0,12). Houve um padrão geográfico de variabilidade ao longo do eixo Leste - Oeste, influenciado também pelo Rio Amazonas, o que sugere que o rio poderia funcionar como uma barreira para o fluxo gênico. Apesar de ameaçadas, estas populações de Pau-rosa possuem alta diversidade, com o maior valor na população de Manaus, que vem sendo protegida por 42 anos em uma reserva

Carbon dioxide in organic synthesis

Carbon dioxide is an abundant, cheap, almost nontoxic, thermodynamically stable, inert electrophile. Exploitation of CO 2 as a chemical feedstock, although will almost certainly not reduce its atmospheric concentration significantly, aims to generate high-value products and more-efficient processes. In recent years efficient transition-metal complexes have been used to perform homogeneously catalyzed transformations of CO 2 . This paper presents an overview of available catalytic routes for the synthesis of carboxylic acids, lactones, urea and carbamates, linear and cyclic carbonates as well as polycarbonates. Reduction processes of CO 2 are shortly men - tioned as well. C arboxylic acids have been synthesized via : (i) carboxylation of organolithium, organomagnesium (Scheme 2 [35]), organoboron (Scheme 3 [40 -42]), organozinc (Scheme 4 [43, 44]) and organotin (Scheme 5 [45, 46]) compounds; (ii) oxidative cycloaddition of CO 2 to olefins and alkynes (Scheme 6 -10 [47 -50, 57]) catalyzed by Ni(0)-complexes; (iii) transition-metal catalyzed reductive hydrocarboxylation of unsaturated compounds (Scheme 11, 12 [64 -67]); (iv) carboxylation of C-H bond (Scheme 13 [69 -71]). Telomerization of dienes, for instance 1,3-butadiene, and CO 2 in the presence of Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes leads to lactones and esters of carboxylic acids (Scheme 14, 15 [73 -79]). Nucleophilic ammonia, primary and secondary amines react with CO 2 to give, respectively, urea and carbamic acid esters - carbamates and isocyanates (Scheme 16 -18 [94, 95]), thus eliminating the use of phosgene in their synthesis. CO 2 reacts with alcohols, diols and epoxides in the presence of transition-metal complexes (Fig. 2) and the reaction products are: linear carbonates (Scheme 20, 21 [110 -118]), cyclic carbonates (Scheme 22 -24 [153 -170]) and polycarbonates (Scheme 25, 26, Fig. 3, Tab. 1 [179 -186]). Finally, hydrogenation of CO 2 , leading to the formation of CO, HCOOH, CH 3 OH, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 and C 2 H 4 (Scheme 27), as well as electrochemical and photochemical reductions in the pre - sence of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have been shortly reviewed

Concentrations of selected chemical componentsin ground water and soil solution of a small agricultural catchment basin

W pracy omówiono wyniki wieloletnich badań stężeń wybranych składników chemicznych w wodach gruntowych i roztworze glebowym w zlewni rzeki Gowienica, jednego z dopływów jeziora Miedwie. Oceniono stężenia składników nawozowych w wodach gruntowych na gruntach ornych, użytkach zielonych i w zagrodach wiejskich oraz w roztworze glebowym z gruntów ornych i użytków zielonych. Największe stężenie tych składników zanotowano w wodach gruntowych z zagród wiejskich i gruntów ornych intensywnie użytkowanych. Roztwór glebowy cechowało duże stężenie azotanów i potasu. Duże stężenie składników nawozowych świadczy o tym, że na obszarze badanej zlewni należy prowadzić działania ochronne w celu poprawy jakości wód gruntowych.The paper presents results of many years lasting studies of the concentrations of selected chemical components in ground waters and soil solution of the Gowienica River basin. Nutrient concentrations were estimated in piezometers localized in farmlands, grasslands and farmsteads. The highest concentrations were noted in piezometers collecting ground waters from farmsteads and intensively used farmlands. Soil solution was characterized by very high concentrations of nitrates and potassium. High nutrient concentrations show, that protective operations to improve ground waters quality should be undertaken in the Gowienica River basin

Assessment of nutrient runoff from agricultural catchment of Lake Miedwie during agricultural restructuring

W pracy omówiono wyniki wieloletnich badań jakości wód głównych dopływów jeziora Miedwie i wielkości wnoszonych ładunków składników nawozowych do tego jeziora. Jezioro Miedwie, jedno z największych w województwie zachodniopomorskim, od 1976 r. jest podstawowym źródłem wody pitnej dla Szczecina. Od tego czasu trwają prace porządkujące gospodarką wodno-ściekową i ograniczające ujemny wpływ rolnictwa na jakość retencjonowanych wód. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników oceniono zmiany stężenia składników nawozowych i wnoszonych ładunków, szczególnie w latach 2000-2004, w okresie trwających zmian w użytkowaniu rolniczym zlewni jeziora. Ładunki składników nawozowych wnoszone do jeziora były bardzo zróżnicowane i w największym stopniu zależały od opadów i przepływów w badanych rzekach. Duże ładunki tych składników wnoszone do jeziora Miedwie, szczególnie z małych zlewni rolniczych, potwierdzają potrzebę prowadzenia działań ochronnych, technicznych i przyrodniczych, w celu poprawy jakości wód dopływających do jeziora.The results are presented of long term studies on water quality and nutrient loads delivered to Lake Miedwie. Lake Miedwie, one of the largest lakes in Western Pomerania, is since 1976 the main drinking water resource for Szczecin. Since that time many works have been done to improve water and sewage management, and to reduce negative effects of agriculture on water quality. Changes of nutrient concentrations and loads were estimated, particularly for the years 2000-2004 i.e. during the process of agriculture restructuring and land use changes. Nutrient loads delivered to Lake Miedwie were highly differentiated and depended mostly on rainfall and water flow in studied rivers. High loads delivered to Lake Miedwie, especially from small agricultural catchments, confirm the need of protective and technical operations to improve water quality in inflowing rivers

Genetic diversity and differentiation of coexisting populations of Quercus robur L.and Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.

Pedunculate and sessile oaks (Quercus robur L.; Q. petraea [Matt] Liebl.) often coexist in mixed forest stands. However, species-specific investigations and forest management actions in such populations require reliable methods of identification of the species status of individuals. We investigated genetic diversity and species dif- ferentiation of adult and naturally established seedling cohorts in a mixed forest stand composed of Q. robur and Q. petraea, located in the Jamy Nature Reserve in north-central Poland. Using nineteen nuclear microsatellite loci and a model-based clustering approach as a tool for species delineation, we efficiently identified 105 and 60 adults, as well as 191 and 456 seedlings of pedunculate and sessile oaks, respectively. While the adult trees of both species were randomly distributed throughout the sample plot, the seedlings demonstrated significant spatial clustering, which was particularly evident for Q. petraea. The two oak species exhibited similar levels of genetic diversity in adult and offspring cohorts. Inbreeding was found to be low and significant only at the stage of seedlings. The estimates of effective population size were higher for Q. robur than Q. petraea, despite the overall greater reproductive success of the later one. There was a significant level of differentiation between the studied oak species, as measured by Fst coefficient (0.084 – adults; 0.099 – seedlings). The results on genetic diversity and species differentiation obtained in the studied indigenous near-natural stand of Q. robur and Q. petraea could be considered as a reference for other population genetic studies of oaks