Gender-Konstruktion durch Filmmusik : eine analytische Betrachtung am Beispiel der Vertonung von Frauenfiguren in Filmen von Alfred Hitchcock und im neueren Frauenfilm

Gerade in den letzten Jahren haben sich Wissenschaftler vermehrt dem vordem stiefmütterlich behandelten Thema Filmmusik zugewandt, jedoch bisher kaum unter dem Genderaspekt. Ausnahmen bilden die Publikationen von Kathryn Kalinak (1982), Caryl Flinn (1986, 1992), Eva Rieger (1996) und Anahid Kassabian (2001). Insbesondere der auf ein Massenpublikum angelegte Hollywoodfilm ist gekennzeichnet durch typisierte Identitäten und habitualisierte Aktivitäten von Männern und Frauen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage, ob Filmmusik diese geschlechtsspezifischen Identitäten und Aktivitäten unterstützt oder konterkariert. Werden überhaupt unterschiedliche musikalische Mittel angewandt, um Männer und Frauen zu beschreiben? Spielfilme sind immer auch ein Spiegel gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen im Geschlechterverhältnis. Spiegeln sich diese Veränderungen auch in der Filmmusik wider

Systematic errors in diffusion coefficients from long-time molecular dynamics simulations at constant pressure

In molecular dynamics simulations under periodic boundary conditions, particle positions are typically wrapped into a reference box. For diffusion coefficient calculations using the Einstein relation, the particle positions need to be unwrapped. Here, we show that a widely used heuristic unwrapping scheme is not suitable for long simulations at constant pressure. Improper accounting for box-volume fluctuations creates, at long times, unphysical trajectories and, in turn, grossly exaggerated diffusion coefficients. We propose an alternative unwrapping scheme that resolves this issue. At each time step, we add the minimal displacement vector according to periodic boundary conditions for the instantaneous box geometry. Here and in a companion paper [J. Chem. Phys. XXX, YYYYY (2020)], we apply the new unwrapping scheme to extensive molecular dynamics and Brownian dynamics simulation data. We provide practitioners with a formula to assess if and by how much earlier results might have been affected by the widely used heuristic unwrapping scheme.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. The following article has been accepted for publication at The Journal of Chemical Physic

20 Jahre Ostdeutschland - wie der Osten die Schlussetappe meistert

Für Jens Bullerjahn, Minister der Finanzen des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt, ist es entscheidend, wie die neuen Länder aus der gegenwärtigen Krise herauskommen. Es gehe zunächst darum, die in den letzten 20 Jahren erfolgreich aufgebaute wirtschaftliche Substanz zu sichern, um dann den Wachstumsprozess und die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen beschleunigt voranzutreiben. Finanzpolitisch gesehen bedeute dies, vor allem in die Bereiche Bildung, Wirtschaft und Familie zu investieren.Krise, Öffentliche Schulden, Öffentliche Finanzen, Wirtschaftspolitik, Neue Bundesländer

"Berlin - Die Sinfonie der Grossstadt" (D 1927, Walter Ruttmann) : zur Originalstummfilmmusik von Edmund Meisel und einem heutigen Rekonstruktionsversuch

Die landläufige Meinung über Meisels Komposition zu "Berlin - Die Sinfonie der Grossstadt" diskreditiert die Musik vorrangig als illustrativ, die Bildinhalte allein verdoppelnd, klischeehaft und deswegen künstlerisch als nicht sonderlich wertvoll. Diese Einstufung trifft, so pauschal und plakativ wie beispielsweise bei Helga de la Motte-Haber und Hans Emons (1980, 60f) sowie Werner Sudendorf (1984, 20ff) deklariert, nicht zu

Physiology and molecular biology of aquatic cyanobacteria

© The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 5 (2014): 359, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00359.Cyanobacteria thrive in every illuminated aquatic environment known, contributing at least 25% of primary productivity worldwide. Given their importance in carbon and nutrient cycles, cyanobacteria are essential geochemical agents that have shaped the composition of the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere for billions of years. The high diversity of cyanobacteria is reflected in the panoply of unique physiological adaptations across the phylum, including different strategies to optimize light harvesting or sustain nitrogen fixation, but also different lifestyles like psychrotrophy, and oligotrophy. Some cyanobacteria produce secondary metabolites of cryptic function, many of which are toxic to eukaryotes. Consequently, bloom-forming toxic cyanobacteria are global hazards that are of increasing concern in surface waters affected by anthropogenic nutrient loads and climate change

Dynamics In The Transient Complex Of Plastocyanin-cytochrome F From Prochlorothrix Hollandica

The nature of transient protein complexes can range from a highly dynamic ensemble of orientations to a single well-defined state. This represents variation in the equilibrium between the encounter and final, functional state. The transient complex between plastocyanin (Pc) and cytochrome f (cyt of the cyanobacterium Prochlorothrix hollandica was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Intermolecular pseudocontact shifts and chemical shift perturbations were used as restraints in docking calculations to determine the structure of the wild-type Pc-cytf complex. The orientation of Pc is similar to orientations found in Pc-cytf complexes from other sources. Electrostatics seems to play a modest role in complex formation. A large variability in the ensemble of lowest energy structures indicates a dynamic nature of the complex. Two unusual hydrophobic patch residues in Pc have been mutated to the residues found in other plastocyanins (Y12G/P14L). The binding constants are similar for the complexes of cytf with wild-type PC and mutant PC, but the chemical shift perturbations are smaller for the complex with mutant PC. Docking calculations for the Y12G/P14L Pc-cytf complex did not produce a converged ensemble of structures. Simulations of the dynamics were performed using the observed averaged NMR parameters as input. The results indicate a surprisingly large amplitude of mobility of Y12G/P14L Pc within the complex. It is concluded that the double mutation shifts the complex further from the well-defined toward the encounter state

An evaluation of iron bioavailability and speciation in western lake superior with the use of combined physical, chemical, and biological assessment

An iron-dependent cyanobacterial bioreporter (Synechococcus strain KAS101) was used in unison with sizefractionated iron content (.0.45, ,0.45, ,0.02 mm), and chemical characterization of iron complexation (C18 resin column) to elucidate the bioavailable forms of iron present in Lake Superior during periods of inverse thermal stratification (May) and strong thermal stratification (September) of the water column. The results provide evidence of organic complexation of iron in Lake Superior waters. Iron in most sampled water was complexed by organic compounds that behaved like fulvic acids, whereas some samples showed evidence for the presence of siderophore-like compounds. The presence of dissolved organic matter suppressed the cellular luminescence of the bioreporter, indicating an increased iron bioavailability. This effect could result either from the presence of siderophores forming iron complexes that are bioavailable to the bioreporter, or from more indirect effects because of the presence of other organic compounds, such as fulvic acids or polysaccharides. Model ligand additions, iron bioaccumulation, and photo-oxidation of dissolved organic matter were used to assess the bioavailability of organically complexed iron to the bioreporter. A significant fraction of the iron (40- 100%) was bioavailable to the bioreporter. Iron bioavailability was high enough for the bioreporter not to be iron limited in the water collected from Lake Superior. This measure of bioavailability to picocyanobacteria is relevant because picoplankton accounted for the majority of chlorophyll a in Lake Superior during this study. 2009, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc

Computational Simulation of the Docking of Prochlorothrix Hollandica Plastocyanin to Photosystem I: Modeling the Electron Transfer Complex

We have used several docking algorithms (GRAMM, FTDOCK, DOT, AUTODOCK) to examine protein-protein interactions between plastocyanin (Pc)/photosystem I (PSI) in the electron transfer reaction. Because of the large size and complexity of this system, it is faster and easier to use computer simulations than conduct x-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. The main criterion for complex selection was the distance between the copper ion of Pc and the P700 chlorophyll special pair. Additionally, the unique tyrosine residue (Tyr(12)) of the hydrophobic docking surface of Prochlorothrix hollandica Pc yields a specific interaction with the lumenal surface of PSI, thus providing the second constraint for the complex. The structure that corresponded best to our criteria was obtained by the GRAMM algorithm. In this structure, the solvent-exposed histidine that coordinates copper in Pc is at the van der Waals distance from the pair of stacked tryptophans that separate the chlorophylls from the solvent, yielding the shortest possible metal-to-metal distance. The unique tyrosine on the surface of the Prochlorothrix Pc hydrophobic patch also participates in a hydrogen bond with the conserved Asn(633) of the PSI PsaB polypeptide (numbering from the Synechococcus elongatus crystal structure). Free energy calculations for complex formation with wild-type Pc, as well as the hydrophobic patch Tyr(12)Gly and Pro(14)Leu Pc mutants, were carried out using a molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzman, surface area approach (MM/PBSA). The results are in reasonable agreement with our experimental studies, suggesting that the obtained structure can serve as an adequate model for P. hollandica Pc-PSI complex that can be extended for the study of other cyanobacterial Pc/PSI reaction pairs

Monomer dynamics of a wormlike chain

We derive the stochastic equations of motion for a tracer that is tightly attached to a semiflexible polymer and confined or agitated by an externally controlled potential. The generalised Langevin equation, the power spectrum, and the mean-square displacement for the tracer dynamics are explicitly constructed from the microscopic equations of motion for a weakly bending wormlike chain by a systematic coarse-graining procedure. Our accurate analytical expressions should provide a convenient starting point for further theoretical developments and for the analysis of various single-molecule experiments and of protein shape fluctuations.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

África do Sul : colonialismo, formação do estado e emergência de uma potência média

O presente trabalho versa sobre a formação do Estado moderno sul-africano. O estrato colonial manifesto ambos no assentamento holandês no Cabo e posteriormente na presença imperial inglesa é a marca mais determinante que resultou no concerto anglo-bôer intitulado União Sul-Africana. Ante a contestada participação na Segunda Guerra Mundial apoiando a Inglaterra, o Partido Nacional assegura a vitória eleitoral na África do Sul e introduz o Apartheid, regime de segregação racial institucionalizado. Com a revelação de um ideário africâner, o país atinge o último requisito formal para sua soberania completa: a adoção de uma república rescindida da tutela dos ingleses e da Commonwealth. Alicerçada num modelo de capitalismo nacional, a África do Sul tem um crescimento econômico rápido e estabelece um polo de poder regional na África Austral. Com as instabilidades políticas na Rodésia, em Moçambique e em Angola, principalmente, Pretória se vê como guardiã do mundo cristão livre frente às ameaças do comunismo e do nacionalismo africano revolucionário. Ambiciona, a partir da década de 1960, um programa nuclear efetivo, o que transforma o regime em ator contestador, ao mesmo tempo em que é contestada pela comunidade internacional por suas sistemáticas violações de direitos humanos por conta do acirramento das tensões raciais, promovidas pelas políticas de desenvolvimento separado que criavam os bantustões, territórios quase-falidos para as populações negras. A pressão internacional pela mudança de regime numa realidade de fim de Guerra Fria levou a África do Sul a libertar seus presos políticos e a adotar eleições livres pela primeira vez em 1994. As circunstâncias para a transição de regime não se mostravam favoráveis, em que pese o fato de que para se enquadrar na nova ordem mundial, a África do Sul abriu mão de um projeto nacional mais consistente em favor do ativismo global que prometia harmonia através da defesa interminável da paz e prosperidade com a adoção de acordos de livre-comércio. São revistos os componentes da matriz de política externa sul-africana, materializados em três distintos paradigmas: o estrutural isolacionista, o simbiótico integrativo e o normativo pluralista. O ingresso nos BRICS corresponde a uma reação afirmativa à nova realidade multipolar que se projeta no sistema internacional. A projeção internacional sul-africana qualifica-se enquanto esforço de se consolidar como potência média no meridiano africano e apresentas novas possibilidades bem como desafios ao país.The current work points South Africa’s modern state building out. The colonial stratum unfolded by both the Dutch settlement in the Cape and the later imperial English presence is the most determining mark which resulted in an Anglo-Boer order entitled Union of South Africa. In view of the disputed participation during World War II backing England, the National Party ensures electoral victory over South Africa and introduces the Apartheid, an institutionalized regime of racial segregation. With the disclosure of an Afrikaner ideal, the country accomplishes its last formal requirement to complete sovereignty: the introducing of a republic discarding British and Commonwealth custody. Based on a model of national capitalism, South Africa sees a rapid economic growth and establishes itself as a pole of regional power in Southern Africa. Amidst the political instabilities especially in Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola, Pretoria identifies itself as the guardian of a free Christian world against the threats of revolutionary African nationalism and communism. It aims from the late sixties an effective nuclear program by which it becomes a contesting actor, while it is contested itself by the international community because of its systematic human rights violations related to the sharpening of racial tensions, promoted by the policies of “separate development” that established the Bantustans, quasi-failed territories for the living of black population. The international pressure for regime change in an ending Cold War lead South Africa to free its political prisoners and adopt its first free elections in 1994. The circumstances for regime change didn’t appeared favorable, so that if South Africa wanted to belong to the new world order it had to abandon its most consistent national project in favor of a global activism that promised harmony through the endless vindication of peace and prosperity by adopting free trade agreements. Elements of South African foreign policy’s pattern are distinguished between three different paradigms: the structural-isolationist, the symbiotic-integrative and the pluralist-normative. Joining the BRICS group corresponds to an affirmative reaction to the new multipolar reality that settles itself in the international system. South African international projection qualifies itself as an effort to cement the country as a middle power in Southern Africa and presents new possibilities as well as challenges to it.Diese Arbeit weist auf die moderne südafrikanische Staatsbildung hin. Die von der Holländischen Kapkolonie und später der britischen imperialen Präsenz offengelegte koloniale Schicht ist das am meisten bestimmenden Kennzeichen das die angelburische Ordnung bzw. die Südafrikanische Union ergab. Angesichts der bestrittenen Teilnahme am Zweiten Weltkrieg als Unterstützer der Briten, sichert die Nationale Partei den Wahlsieg in Südafrika und führt die Apartheid ein, das institutionalisierte Regime der Rassentrenung. Mit der Aufdeckung des Afrikanderideal, das Land realisiert sein letzten Bedarf an der kompleten Souveränität, nämlich die Einrichtung einer Republik ohne Aufsicht der Briten und ihrer Commonwealth. Das auf dem Nationalkapitalismusmodell basierendes Südafrika erblickt ein schnelles Wirtschaftswachstum und setzt sich als Pol einer Regionalmacht im südlichen Afrika fest. Inmitten der politischen Unruhen besonders in Rhodesien, Mosambik und Angola, scheint Pretoria als Beschützer der freien christlichen Welt gegen die Bedrohungen des revolutionären afrikanischen Nationalismus und des Kommunismus. Seit den Sechzigern entwickelt das afrikanische Land sein wirksames Atomprogramm wodurch es ein anfechtender Akteur wird, während es selbst von der Internationalen Gemeinde wegen ständigen Menschenrechtsverletzungen aufgrund der Schärfung der Rassenspannung gefochten wird, wobei die Regierung Richtlinien einer „abgetrennten Entwicklung“ nach einem Homelandmuster bzw. quasi-gescheitertem Staates für die schwarze Bewölkerung begünstigte. Der internationale Druck auf den Regimewechsel im endenden Kalten Krieg führte Südafrika in die Freientlassung politischer Natur sowie in seinen ersten freien Wahlen im Jahre 1994. Die Gelegenheiten für den Regimewechsel erschienen nicht gerade vorteilhaft, so dass wenn sich Südafrika zur neuen Weltordnung anpassen wünschte, hätte es seinen nationaleinheitlichen Plan zugunsten eines globalen Aktivismus der Friedenforderung und des Freihandelabkommens abschaffen müssen. Grundlagen des Standards südafrikanischer Außenpolitik werden zwischen 3 ungleiche Paradigmen unterschieden, nämlich das strukturell-isolationistische, das symbiotisch-einheitliche und das normpluralistische Paradigma. Der BRICS-Eintritt bedeutet eine versichernde Reaktion auf der neuen multipolaren Realität die sich im Rahmen des internationalen Systems verwirklicht. Die internationale Führung Südafrikas bezeichnet sich selbst als Bemühung einer Mittelmachtfestigung im südlichen Afrika und bietet neue Möglichkeiten sowie Herausforderungen an