THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER

The flat-headed apple-tree borer, a serious orchard pest throughout the greater part of United States, is found from the Atlantic to Pacific and from Florida and Texas to Canada. The larva, or grub, of this insect (which in the adult stage is a medium-sized beetle) bores in the bark and wood of a great variety of trees, but is best known as an enemy of apple, pear, peach, and other cultivated fruit trees. Its depredations are felt in almost every locality where orchards have been planted. Fortunately, this borer almost invariably confines its attacks to the sunny sides of trees that have been weakened or injured by some other agency. Any system of orchard culture and care that will produce sound, upright, vigorous trees is the best pr2ctice for preventing loss from this borer. The orchardist may take advantage of the beetle\u27s preference while engaged in egg laying for warm sunlight. Low-formed branches on the south side of trees and boards set in the ground so as to throw a shadow on the trunks of newly planted trees will cause the beetles to seek for sunnier places in which to leave their eggs. This and other methods of control are described on pages 10 to 12

Notes on The Habits of Mice, Moles and Shrews : a Preliminary Report

Mode of access: Internet

THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER

The flat-headed apple-tree borer, a serious orchard pest throughout the greater part of United States, is found from the Atlantic to Pacific and from Florida and Texas to Canada. The larva, or grub, of this insect (which in the adult stage is a medium-sized beetle) bores in the bark and wood of a great variety of trees, but is best known as an enemy of apple, pear, peach, and other cultivated fruit trees. Its depredations are felt in almost every locality where orchards have been planted. Fortunately, this borer almost invariably confines its attacks to the sunny sides of trees that have been weakened or injured by some other agency. Any system of orchard culture and care that will produce sound, upright, vigorous trees is the best pr2ctice for preventing loss from this borer. The orchardist may take advantage of the beetle\u27s preference while engaged in egg laying for warm sunlight. Low-formed branches on the south side of trees and boards set in the ground so as to throw a shadow on the trunks of newly planted trees will cause the beetles to seek for sunnier places in which to leave their eggs. This and other methods of control are described on pages 10 to 12

Three Snout Beetles That Attack Apples : Plum Curculio, Apple Curculio, Apple Weevil

Mode of access: Internet

The Grapecane Gall-Maker and the Grapecane Girdler

Mode of access: Internet

Snout Bettles that Injure Nuts

Mode of access: Internet

The grape curculio

Bibliography: p. 246.Mode of access: Internet

Stable isotope investigation of the migratory behavior of silverhaired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) in eastern North America

We investigated the migratory movements of silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) across the eastern extent of the species’ range. We conducted stable hydrogen isotope analysis of fur samples (δ2Hfur) from museum specimens collected across latitudes and at all times of the year. We first used these data to estimate the timing of fur replacement and to develop a model associating δ2Hfur with that of local precipitation (δ2Hprecip) at the location where fur replacement occurred. We then used this model to 1) identify individuals that had migrated across latitudes, and 2) investigate the presence of continental-scale patterns in the estimated distance traveled. Bats were at their location of fur replacement between 20 June and 26 August, and there was a strong linear relationship between δ2Hfur and δ2Hprecip in bats collected during this time. There was substantial variation in the migratory movements of this species. Twenty-four of 38 females and 14 of 30 males showed isotopic evidence of leaving the area where fur replacement occurred (i.e., migrating across latitudes), whereas the remaining bats were either sedentary or moved at a small spatial scale. Males appeared to migrate consistently, regardless of latitude of origin, whereas there was a partial leapfrog pattern in migratory movements of females. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of leapfrog migration in bat