New genus, three new species and new records of Herpyllobiidae Hansen, 1892 (Crustacea, Copepoda) parasites of polychaetes from Antarctica

During the Antarctic Polarstern cruises ANT XIX/3 (ANDEEP-I), XIX/5 (LAMPOS), and XXI/2 (BENDEX) new material of symbiotic copepods associated with polynoid polychaetes was collected. Here the authors present results for the highly modified family Herpyllobiidae Hansen, 1892. New records of Herpyllobius antarcticus Vanhöffen, 1913 and Herpyllobius polarsterni López-González, Bresciani and Conradi, 2000 are provided from the eastern Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island respectively. A new species of the genus Eurysilenium Sars, 1870, E. australis, is described from specimens collected at the eastern Weddell Sea. A new genus, Gottoniella gen. nov., is proposed to include two species, G. antarctica sp. nov. and G. andeepi sp. nov., described from material collected from the Weddell Sea and Scotia Arc

Are histological alterations observed in the gallbladder precancerous lesions?

INTRODUCTION: Gallbladder cancer, which is characterized by rapid progression and a poor prognosis, is a complex disease to treat. Unfortunately, little is known currently about its etiology or pathogenesis. A better understanding of its carcinogenesis and determining risk factors that lead to its development could help improve the available treatment options. METHOD: Based on this better understanding, the histological alterations (such as acute cholecystitis, adenomyomatosis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, polyps, pyloric metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, cancer and others) in gallbladders from 1,689 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis were analyzed. The association of these gallbladder histological alterations with clinical data was studied. RESULTS: Gender analysis revealed a greater incidence of inflammatory changes in males, while dysplasia and cancer were only found in women. The incidence of cholesterolosis was greater in the patients 60 years of age and under, and the incidence of adenomyomatosis and gangrene was greater in the elderly patients. A progressive increase in the average age was observed as alterations progressed through pyloric metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and then cancer, suggesting that the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence may occur in gallbladder cancer. Gallbladder histological alterations were also observed in asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there could be an association between some histological alterations of gallbladder and cancer, and they also suggest that the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence could in fact be true in the case of gallbladder cancer. Nevertheless, further studies directed towards a perfect understanding of gallbladder carcinogenesis are required

La coactivació del bíceps femoral limita la força màxima isomètrica d'extensió de genoll en ciclistes de ruta

Introducció i objectius: L'objecte d'aquest estudi era analitzar la coactivació antagonista (bíceps femoral) durant una contracció màxima isomètrica d'extensió unilateral de genoll en ciclistes de ruta, com també la seva relació amb l'activació agonista (recte femoral, vast medial i vast lateral) i la força manifestada. L'activació dels músculs gastrocnemis també va ser monitoritzada. Mètodes: Setze ciclistes federats van fer una prova màxima d'extensió isomètrica de genoll. Durant els 5 s de durada del test amb la cama dominant, es va monitoritzar l'activitat electromiogràfica (EMG) de 6 músculs del tren inferior, a més de la força isomètrica manifestada. Resultats: L'activitat EMG mitjana (EMGmit) del bíceps femoral va suposar un 37,4% de l'EMGmit per mitjana dels 3 agonistes. Per la seva banda, la mitjana d'EMGmit dels gastrocnemis va suposar un 18,2% de la mitjana d'EMGmit dels agonistes. Analitzant per separat l'EMGmit de cadascun dels 3 músculs agonistes, vam observar que aquest paràmetre d'activació va ser estadísticament superior en el recte femoral en comparació amb vast medial i vast lateral. L'EMGmit del bíceps femoral es va mostrar inversament proporcional a la força isomètrica màxima. Amb tot, l'activació de la resta de músculs, tant mitjana com màxima, no va mostrar cap relació amb la força. Conclusions: L'activació antagonista limita la força màxima isomètrica d'extensió de genoll en ciclistes de ruta. Tant aquest fet com l'excessiva activació del recte femoral poden tenir relació amb les diferències biomecàniques existents entre el pedaleig, gest propi de la modalitat practicada pels subjectes, i l'extensió de genoll en màquina

La coactivación del bíceps femoral limita la fuerza máxima isométrica de extensión de rodilla en ciclistas de ruta

Introducción y objetivos: El objeto del presente estudio fue analizar la coactivación antagonista (bíceps femoral) durante una contracción máxima isométrica de extensión unilateral de rodilla, en ciclistas de ruta, así como su relación con la activación agonista (recto femoral, vasto medial y vasto lateral) y la fuerza manifestada. La activación de los músculos gastrocnemios también fue monitorizada. Métodos: Dieciséis ciclistas federados efectuaron una prueba máxima de extensión isométrica de rodilla. Durante los 5 s de duración del test, llevado a cabo con la pierna dominante, se monitorizó la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) de 6 músculos del tren inferior, además de la fuerza isométrica manifestada. Resultados: La actividad EMG media (EMGmed) del bíceps femoral supuso un 37,4% de la EMGmed promediada de los 3 agonistas. Por su parte, la EMGmed promediada de los gastrocnemios supuso un 18,2% de la EMGmed promediada de los agonistas. Analizando por separado la EMGmed de cada uno de los 3 músculos agonistas, observamos que este parámetro de activación fue estadísticamente superior en el recto femoral en comparación con el vasto medial y el vasto lateral. La EMGmed del bíceps femoral se mostró inversamente proporcional a la fuerza isométrica máxima. Sin embargo, la activación del resto de músculos, tanto media como máxima, no mostró relación alguna con la fuerza. Conclusiones: La activación antagonista limita la fuerza máxima isométrica de extensión de rodilla en ciclistas de ruta. Tanto este hecho como la excesiva activación del recto femoral pueden tener relación con las diferencias biomecánicas existentes entre el pedaleo, el gesto propio de la modalidad practicada por los sujetos, y la extensión de rodilla en la máquina

Distribution of lymph nodes – how deep is it TME necessary?

Introdução: A excisão total do mesorreto teve grande impacto na diminuição das taxas de recidiva local no câncer retal. Entretanto o número e a distribuição de linfonodos pelo mesorreto permanecem controversos. Estudos indicaram maior prevalência de linfonodos no terço posterior médio e dois terços superiores do mesorreto. Para confirmar a baixa freqüência de linfonodos distais realizamos estudo em cadáveres com maior número de corpos. Métodos: Realizamos uma excisão total do mesorreto por incisão abdominal mediana em 18 cadáveres frescos. Dividimos o mesorreto em duas porções laterais e um posterior, e definimos 3 níveis de proximal a distal. Após dissecção dos linfonodos sem solução de limpeza específica, a confirmação histológica e a determinação de localização e tamanho dos linfonodos foi realizada. Resultados: Em média, encontramos 5.0±3.7 LN/peça, com tamanho de 3.0±2.7mm. Não houve associação entre número de LN e tamanho com sexo, IMC ou idade. Constatamos maior prevalência de LN posteriores (2.8 LN/paciente) quando comparados a laterais (0.8 e 1.2 LN/paciente;p=0.02). Não houve diferenças entre os níveis do reto. Conclusão: Linfonodos no tecido mesoretal são em sua maioria pequenos e de localização posterior. Não há diminuição no número de linfonodos no terço mais distal do mesorreto.Introduction: Standardization of TME had a great impact on decreasing local recurrence rates for the treatment of rectal cancer. However, number and distribution of lymphnodes along the mesorectum remains controversial. In order to confirm lower frequency of distal lymph nodes in the mesorectum we performed a cadaveric study. Patients and Methods:18 fresh cadavers were included in the study. The rectum was removed along with total mesorectal excision by an abdominal median incision. The fatty tissue of the mesorectum was divided into lateral-right, posterior and lateral-left portions. These segments were subdivided into proximal to distal levels (1-3). Histological confirmation was performed after complete lymphnodes dissection. Results: Overall, the mean number and size of lymph nodes/rectum was5.0±3.7 and 3±2.7mm. There was no association between the mean number or size with gender,BMI or age. There was a significantly higher prevalence of posterior LN location (2.8 LN/patient)as opposed to lateral locations (0.8 and 1.2 LN/patient; p=0.02). There was similar distributionof LN/patient between different rectal levels. Conclusions: Lymph nodes in the mesorectal tissue are predominantly small and posteriorly located. There is no decrease in the number of lymphnodes in the most distal third of the mesorectum

The influence of tumor invasion in anastomotic line on survival of patient with gastric stump cancer

RACIONAL: O câncer do coto gástrico desenvolve- se no remanescente gástrico de gastrectomia realizada há pelo menos 5 anos por doença benigna e os sítios mais comuns de acometimento são próximo à anastomose e na pequena curvatura. Considera-se que o coto gástrico é estado pré-canceroso. OBJETIVOS: Identificar o padrão de disseminação de linfonodos acometidos, quantificar a invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose e correlacionar: a invasão da linha de anastomose com o comprometimento linfonodal e mesenterial, o acometimento linfonodal com sobrevivência e o acometimento da linha de anastomose com sobrevivência. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários, peças cirúrgicas e exames anátomo-patológicos de 113 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer de coto gástrico definido como adenocarcinoma desenvolvido no remanescente gástrico de gastrectomia realizada há pelo menos cinco anos por doença benigna. RESULTADOS: A disseminação linfonodal não se mostrou específica; 75% dos pacientes apresentaram invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose; em 66,7% dos casos ocorreu invasão da linha anastomótica e linfonodal concomitantes; menos de 10% dos casos exibiam invasão mesenterial; houve óbito em 86,5% dos casos com invasão linfonodal e 64,7% com invasão da linha de anastomose e em 100% com invasão mesenterial. CONCLUSÕES: 1) O câncer de coto gástrico não tem padrão de disseminação linfonodal específico; 2) a linha de anastomose sofre freqüente invasão tumoral; 3) apesar de freqüente a invasão da linha anastomótica, não apresenta correlação estatística significante com o comprometimento linfonodal regional ou mesenterial; 4) a presença de invasão linfonodal implica em sobrevida menor, em especial a de linfonodos do mesentério; 5) a presença de acometimento neoplásico da linha anastomótica não se correlaciona com pior resultado de sobrevivência.AIM: To identify the lymph node metastatic pattern for gastric stump cancer; to quantify the anastomotic site invasion by tumor growth; to correlate the invasion of anastomotic site with metastasis in lymph node in general and mesenterial lymph node involvement and the survival. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen patients with gastric stump cancer were retrospectively analyzed along with their medical records, surgical specimens and histopathologic exams. RESULTS: seventy five percent of patients had tumoral invasion in the anastomotic site. In 66.7% there was invasion of the anastomotic site with metastatic lymph nodes. Nine percent had mesenterial lymph node invasion. Fatal cases occurred in 86,5% with metastatic lymph node, 64,7% with invasion of the anastomotic site and 100% with mesenterial lymph node invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic lymph node dissemination is not specific to gastric stump cancer and does not present a pattern in the lymph node dissemination. Although frequent the tumor invasion in anastomotic line, there is no significant statistical correlation with the invasion of regional or mesenterial lymph nodes. Lymph node invasion reduces survival, mainly when mesenterial lymph node dissemination is present. Tumor invasion in anastomotic line does not reduce survival

Comparasion of two minimally invasive methods on the longevity of glass ionomer cement restorations: short-term results of a pilot study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations comparing two minimally invasive methods in permanent teeth after 12 months. Fifty pregnant women (second trimester of pregnancy), mean age 22 ± 5.30 years, were treated by two previously trained operators. The treatment approaches tested were: chemomechanical method (CarisolvTM; MediTeam) and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). A split-mouth study design was used in which the two treatments were randomly placed in 50 matched pairs of permanent teeth. The chemomechanical method (CM) was the test group and the ART was the control group. The treatments were performed in Public Health Centers. The tested restorative material was a high-strength GIC (Ketac Molar; 3M/ESPE). The restorations were placed according to the ART guidelines. Two calibrated independent examiners evaluated the restorations in accordance with ART criteria. The inter-examiner kappa was 0.97. Data were analyzed using 95% confidence interval on the binomial distribution and Fisher's exact test at 5% significance level. In a 12-month follow-up, 86% of the restorations were evaluated. In the test group (CM), 100% (CI=93.3-100%) of the restorations were considered successful. In the control group (ART) 97.6% (CI=87.4-99.9%) of the restorations were considered successful and 2.4% unsuccessful (marginal defect >;0.5 mm). There was no statistically significant difference between the 12-mounth success rate for both groups (Fisher's exact test: P=0.49) and between the two operators (Fisher's exact test: P=1.00). Both minimally invasive methods, chemomechanical method and ART, showed a similar clinical performance after 12 months of follow up

Comparasion of two minimally invasive methods on the longevity of glass ionomer cement restorations: short-term results of a pilot study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations comparing two minimally invasive methods in permanent teeth after 12 months. Fifty pregnant women (second trimester of pregnancy), mean age 22 ± 5.30 years, were treated by two previously trained operators. The treatment approaches tested were: chemomechanical method (CarisolvTM; MediTeam) and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). A split-mouth study design was used in which the two treatments were randomly placed in 50 matched pairs of permanent teeth. The chemomechanical method (CM) was the test group and the ART was the control group. The treatments were performed in Public Health Centers. The tested restorative material was a high-strength GIC (Ketac Molar; 3M/ESPE). The restorations were placed according to the ART guidelines. Two calibrated independent examiners evaluated the restorations in accordance with ART criteria. The inter-examiner kappa was 0.97. Data were analyzed using 95% confidence interval on the binomial distribution and Fisher's exact test at 5% significance level. In a 12-month follow-up, 86% of the restorations were evaluated. In the test group (CM), 100% (CI=93.3-100%) of the restorations were considered successful. In the control group (ART) 97.6% (CI=87.4-99.9%) of the restorations were considered successful and 2.4% unsuccessful (marginal defect >0.5 mm). There was no statistically significant difference between the 12-mounth success rate for both groups (Fisher's exact test: P=0.49) and between the two operators (Fisher's exact test: P=1.00). Both minimally invasive methods, chemomechanical method and ART, showed a similar clinical performance after 12 months of follow up.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Instabilidade de microsatelites no cancer gástrico solitário e esporádico

Recently, the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported in gastric cancer and associated with older age of presentation, distal tumor location, early disease staging, and better overall prognosis. Different characteristics in presentation and in tumor behavior may be explained by different genetic alterations during carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. Identification of specific genetic pathways in gastric cancer may have direct impact on prognosis and selection of treatment strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 24 patients were treated by radical surgery. Fragments of normal and tumor tissues were extracted from the specimen and stored at -80ºC before DNA purification and extraction. PCR amplification utilizing microsatellite markers was performed. Tumors presenting PCR products of abnormal sizes were considered positive for microsatellite instability (MSI+). RESULTS: Five patients (21%) had tumors that were MSI+ in at least 1 marker. In the group of patients with Lauren's intestinal-type gastric carcinoma, 3 had tumors that were MSI+ (23%), while in the group of diffuse-type gastric cancer, 2 patients had tumors that were MSI+ (19%). The mean age of presentation and the male:female ratio was similar in both groups. Tumors that were MSI+ were more frequently located in proximal portion of the stomach compared to microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors (40% vs. 16%). Although there was a trend of patients with MSI+ tumors towards a proximal gastric tumor location, early staging, and negative lymph node metastasis, there was no statistical significance compared to those with MSS tumors (P >;.1). Comparison of overall and disease-free survival between gastric tumors that were MSI+ and those that were MSS found no statistically significant differences (P >;.1). CONCLUSIONS: Microsatellite instability is a frequent event in gastric carcinogenesis and shows a trend towards distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of gastric cancer.A presença de Instabilidade de microsatellites (IMS) tem sido relatada no cancer gastrico e associada a pacientes com idade mais avançada, localização mais distal do tumor, estadios mais precoces e melhor prognostico. Relatamos neste prospectivo estudo envolvendo 24 pacientes com cancer gastrico solitario e esporadico, a incidencia de IMS, sua correlação com parametros epidemiologicos, clinicos e anatomo patológicos e o seu impacto sobre a sobrevida geral e livre de doença. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes haviam sido tratados com cirurgia radical. Fragmentos de tecido normal e tumoral eram extraidos das peças e armazenados a -80ºC antes da extração e purificação DNA. Realizava-se então a amplificação com PCR utilizando marcadores específicos de microsatelites. Os tumores que apresentavam produtos de amplificação anormais foram considerados positivos para IMS. RESULTADOS: Cinco pacientes (21%) apresentaram Instabilidade de microsatelites (IMS+) com pelo menos um marcador (primer) No grupo de pacientes com adenocarcinomas gástricos do tipo histológico de Lauren, três apresentavam IMS (23%) enquanto no grupo portador de cancar gástrico difuso, dois pacientes mostraram IMS (19%).. Embora haja uma tendência dos pacientes IMS+ apresentarem tumores de localização mais proximal, estadios mais precoces e ausência de metástases linfonodais, não se observou diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p >; 0,1). A comparação entre as taxas de sobrevida geral e livre de doença não mostrou significância estatistica (p >; 0,1). CONCLUSÕES: IMS é um evento frequente na carcinogese gástrica e pode estar associado a caracteristicas clinicas e anátomo-patológicas do câncer gástrico

Avaliação clínica de inlays e onlays confeccionadas com dois tipos de cerâmica, após 06 meses

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical performance of two types of ceramics: a slurry-powder ceramic (Duceram Plus, Degussa) - D and a hot-pressed leucite-based glass-ceramic (IPS Empress, Ivoclar Vivadent) - IPS. Eighty-six restorations, 44 IPS and 42 D, were made by one operator. A total of 33 onlays and 53 inlays on twenty-seven premolars and 59 molars were cemented in 35 patients of both sexes, mean age 35 years. All restorations were cemented with the dual-resin cement (Variolink, Ivoclar-Vivadent) under rubber dam and were evaluated at the baseline and after six months, using the modified U.S.P.H.S. criteria for postoperative sensitivity, secondary caries, fracture, color match, marginal discoloration, marginal integrity and surface texture. Additionally radiographs and intraoral photographs were carried out. At baseline 86 restorations were analyzed and all of them received Alfa rating, except for the following that received Bravo rating for postoperative sensitivity - IPS (2.27%); D (7.14%); for color match - IPS (2.27%); D (2.38%) and for surface texture - IPS (2.27%); D (11.90%). After 6 months 100% of the restorations were analyzed and the following received Bravo rating: color match - IPS (4.55%) and D (9.52%); surface texture - IPS (2.27%) and D (11.9%); marginal discoloration - IPS (6.82%) and D (4.76%) and marginal integrity - IPS (4.55%) and D (7.14%). The results were submitted to the Fisher and McNemar Statistical Tests. No significant differences were noticed between the two ceramics. Both ceramics demonstrated satisfactory clinical performance after six months.Este trabalho se propôs a avaliar a performance clínica de dois tipos de cerâmica: IPS Empress, Ivoclar-Vivadent - IPS e Duceram Plus, Degussa - D. Foram realizadas 86 restaurações por apenas um operador, sendo 44 IPS e 42 D. Vinte e sete pré-molares e 59 molares, num total de 33 onlays e 53 inlays, foram cimentadas em 35 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 35 anos. A cimentação das restaurações foi realizada com cimento resinoso dual (Variolink, Ivoclar-Vivadent) sob isolamento absoluto e avaliadas no baseline e após 06 meses, mediante o critério U.S.P.H.S. modificado, quanto à sensibilidade pulpar, reincidência de cárie, fratura, reprodução de cor, descoloração marginal, integridade marginal e textura superficial. Adicionalmente foram realizadas radiografias e fotografias. No baseline foi obtida a classificação Bravo nos itens sensibilidade pulpar - IPS (2,27%); D (7,14%); reprodução de cor - IPS (2,27%); D (2,38%) e textura superficial - IPS (2,27%); D (11,90%). Após 06 meses foram analisadas as 86 restaurações, nas quais foi constatada a classificação Bravo para os itens reprodução de cor - IPS (6,82%); D (2,38%); textura superficial - IPS (2,27%); D (9,52%); descoloração marginal - IPS (6,82%); D (4,76%) e integridade de superfície- IPS (4,55%); D (7,14%). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos ao Teste Estatístico de Fisher e McNemar. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as cerâmicas. Pode-se concluir que os dois tipos de cerâmica demonstraram uma performance clínica satisfatória após 06 meses