El Perú y el mundo exterior. Extranjeros, enemigos y herejes (Siglos XVI-XVII)

Despite being the most remote of Spain’s kingdoms in America, the Viceroyalty of Peru suffered the periodic hostile intervention of foreigners into its waters and was the permanent home of others. On the other hand, their diverse impact on the life of the viceroyalty was matched by Peru’s invasion of the aspirations and indeed the culture of Europeans, as well as by the demands of its own citizens to enjoy the fruits of a commerce that stretched across the whole world. Almost from its inception, viceregal Peru began to display cosmopolitan characteristics.A pesar de ser el más apartado de los reinos españoles en América, el Virreinato del Perú sufrió incursiones hostiles periódicas por parte de extranjeros en el Mar del Sur, mientras otros tenían residencia permanente allí. Sin embargo, su impacto sobre el virreinato se puede equiparar con la entrada del Perú en las ambiciones y en efecto en la cultura de europeos, así como las demandas de sus propios ciudadanos para participar de los frutos de un comercio que se extendía por todo el mundo. Casi desde su creación, el Perú virreinal manifestaba rasgos cosmopolitas

4-(Benzyl­ideneamino)benzene­sulfonamide

The title compound, C13H12N2O2S, formed by Schiff base condensation of benzaldehyde with sulfanilamide, crystallizes as discrete mol­ecular species linked by N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the sulfamide nitro­gen H atoms and the aza­methine N and one sulfamide O atom, respectively, forming a two-dimensional array in the bc plane. The aza­methine group is rotated slightly out of the benzaldehyde benzene plane [C—C—C—N torsion angle = 8.1 (3)°], while the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 30.0 (1)°

(η6-Benzophenone)(η5-penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dien­yl)ruthenium(II) tetra­phenyl­borate

The structure of the title compound, [Ru(C10H15)(C13H10O)](C24H20B), consists of discrete [Cp*Ru(II)benzophenone] cations and tetra­phenyl­borate anions (Cp* = penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dien­yl). Tethering the Cp*Ru group to one aryl ring of benzophenone results in average values of 1.42 (1) and 1.38 (1) Å for the C—C bond lengths in the Ru-tethered and untethered phenyl rings, respectively. The dihedral angle between the benzene and phenyl rings of the benzophenone group is 50.5 (1)°

Distributed computation of transient state distributions and passage time quantiles in large semi-Markov models

Submitted versio

A common founding clone with TP53 and PTEN mutations gives rise to a concurrent germ cell tumor and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

We report the findings from a patient who presented with a concurrent mediastinal germ cell tumor (GCT) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Bone marrow pathology was consistent with a diagnosis of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML M7), and biopsy of an anterior mediastinal mass was consistent with a nonseminomatous GCT. Prior studies have described associations between hematological malignancies, including AML M7 and nonseminomatous GCTs, and it was recently suggested that a common founding clone initiated both cancers. We performed enhanced exome sequencing on the GCT and the AML M7 from our patient to define the clonal relationship between the two cancers. We found that both samples contained somatic mutations in PTEN (C136R missense) and TP53 (R213 frameshift). The mutations in PTEN and TP53 were present at ∼100% variant allele frequency (VAF) in both tumors. In addition, we detected and validated five other shared somatic mutations. The copy-number analysis of the AML exome data revealed an amplification of Chromosome 12p. We also identified a heterozygous germline variant in FANCA (S858R), which is known to be associated with Fanconi anemia but is of uncertain significance here. In summary, our data not only support a common founding clone for these cancers but also suggest that a specific set of distinct genomic alterations (in PTEN and TP53) underlies the rare association between GCT and AML. This association is likely linked to the treatment resistance and extremely poor outcome of these patients. We cannot resolve the clonal evolution of these tumors given limitations of our data

Fluorescent Labeling of Helminth Extracellular Vesicles Using an In Vivo Whole Organism Approach

In the last two decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes, have gained increasing scientific attention. As such, the role of EVs in host-pathogen communication and immune modulation are being intensely investigated. Pivotal to EV research is the determination of how and where EVs are taken up by recipient cells and organs in vivo, which requires suitable tracking strategies including labelling. Labelling of EVs is often performed post-isolation which increases risks of non-specific labelling and the introduction of labelling artefacts. Here we exploited the inability of helminths to de novo synthesise fatty acids to enable labelling of EVs by whole organism uptake of fluorescent lipid analogues and the subsequent incorporation in EVs. We showed uptake of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (DOPE-Rho) in Anisakis spp. and Trichuris suis larvae. EVs isolated from the supernatant of Anisakis spp. labelled with DOPE-Rho were characterised to assess the effects of labelling on size, structure and fluorescence of EVs. Fluorescent EVs were successfully taken up by the human macrophage cell line THP-1. This study, therefore, presents a novel staining method that can be utilized by the EV field in parasitology and potentially across multiple species

Quantum Vortex in a Vectorial Bose-Einstein Condensate

Quantum vortices in the multi-component Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) are investigated theoretically. It is found that three kinds of the vortex configurations are possible and their physical properties are discussed in details, including the density distribution and the spin texture. By using the Bogoliubov theory extended to the three component BEC, the collective modes for these vortices are evaluated. The local vortex stability for these vortices are examined in light of the existence of the negative eigenvalue, yielding a narrow magnetization window for the local intrinsic stable region where the multi-components work together to stabilize a vortex in a self-organized way.Comment: 8 pages, 14 eps figure

Self-Validating Thermocouple

Self-Validating Thermocouple (SVT) Systems capable of detecting sensor probe open circuits, short circuits, and unnoticeable faults such as a probe debonding and probe degradation are useful in the measurement of temperatures. SVT Systems provide such capabilities by incorporating a heating or excitation element into the measuring junction of the thermocouple. By heating the measuring junction and observing the decay time for the detected DC voltage signal, it is possible to indicate whether the thermocouple is bonded or debonded. A change in the thermal transfer function of the thermocouple system causes a change in the rise and decay times of the thermocouple output. Incorporation of the excitation element does not interfere with normal thermocouple operation, thus further allowing traditional validation procedures as well

(η6-Isopropyl N-phenyl­carbamate)(η5-penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dien­yl)ruthenium(II) tetra­phenyl­borate acetone monosolvate

The title complex, [Ru(C10H15)(C10H13NO2)](C24H20B)·C3H6O, is related to the analogous O-methyl complex. The average Ru—C distance to the penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dienyl (Cp*) group is 2.19 (3) Å, and 2.21 (1) Å to the ortho, meta and para C atoms of the arene ring. The Ru—Cipso bond length of 2.272 (3) Å is significantly longer, reflecting movement of the Ru atom away from the C atoms with electronegative substituents attached. The amide H atom in the cation forms an inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond with the carbonyl O atom of the acetone solvent mol­ecule. A C—H⋯O inter­action also occurs

(η5-Penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dien­yl)(η6-4-phenyl­butan-2-one)ruthenium(II) tetra­phenyl­borate

The title compound, [Ru(C10H15)(C10H12O)][B(C6H5)4], crystallizes as discrete (η5-penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dien­yl)Ru(η6-4-phenyl­butan-2-one)]+ cations and [BPh4]− anions. In the cation, the non-H atoms of the butan-2-one group are approximately planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.056 Å) and lie nearly perpendicular to the plane of the phenyl ring with a dihedral angle between the two planes of 69.3 (1)°. No significant C—H⋯O inter­actions are observed between the methyl and phenyl H atoms and the carbonyl O atom