The Benthic Boundary Layer: Transport Processes and Biogeochemistry

Interdisciplinary research is certainly one of the current buzzwords that needs to be incorporated in virtually every grant proposal. The idea that integration of different scientific fields is a prerequisite for progress in Earth sciences is now well recognized. The benthic boundary layer (BBL) is one area of research in which physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, and engineers have worked in close and fruitful cooperation for several decades. The BBL comprises the near‐bottom layer of water, the sediment‐water interface, and the top layer of sediment that is directly influenced by the overlying water. In 1974, a BBL conference in France resulted in a book titled The Benthic Boundary Layer edited by I.N. McCave. This publication contained contributions from scientists from a wide range of disciplines and gave an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art of BBL research. However, science has moved on in the past 25 years. Significant conceptual and technological progress has been made, and it is definitely time for an update

The Relationship Between Job Search Objectives and Job Search Behavior

This research expands the notion of “job search” beyond traditional models of searching for an alternative yet similar job, arguing that motivations for search are varied. Specifically, we investigate whether search objectives associate with use of different search processes. A study of high-level managers found mixed support for the hypotheses

“You’re Nobody ‘til Somebody Loves You”: The Use of Job Search for Bargaining Leverage

The purpose of this research is to investigate a previously overlooked yet important objective for an employee engaging in job search – seeking alternative employment to obtain leverage against the current employer. We focus specifically on how employees conduct job search to obtain leverage, and then turn to the question of what motivates employees to adopt this objective. Using a sample of high-level managers, our results indicate the leverage-seeking job search predicts both preparatory and active search beyond the more traditional reason for engaging in job search (i.e., to change jobs). However, as expected, leverage-seeking search was a weaker predictor of the job search processes compared to searching to leave and was not significantly related to job satisfaction. Hierarchical level, perceived alternatives, financial independence, and the meaning attached to money significantly predicted leverage-seeking search, while compensation level, equity, and career plateau showed little effect. Implications for practice and future research on job search and employee retention more generally are discussed

When Stock Options Fail to Motivate: Attribution and Context Effects on Stock Price Expectancy

This study draws on attribution theory and literature from compensation and strategy to investigate executives’ perceptions about their influence over the firm’s stock price. We define stock price expectancy as the extent to which executives feel that they can influence the firm’s stock price. Results from of a survey of 435 U.S. executives suggest that stock price expectancy is related to both attributional and contextual antecedents. Based on these findings we discuss implications for the extension of expectancy theory and the design and administration of incentive systems

What Statutes Mean: Interpretive Lessons from Positive Theories of Communication and Legislation

How should judges interpret statutes? For some scholars and judges, interpreting statutes requires little more than a close examination of statutory language, with perhaps a dictionary and a few interpretive canons nearby. For others, statutory interpretation must be based upon an assessment of a statute\u27s underlying purpose, an evaluation of society\u27s current norms and values, or a normative objective, such as the law\u27s integrity. With such differences squarely framed in the literature, it is reasonable to ask whether anything of value can be added. We contend that there is

Making Talk Cheap (and Problems Easy): How Legal and Political Institutions Can Facilitate Consensus

In many legal, political, and social settings, people must reach a consensus before particular outcomes can be achieved and failing to reach a consensus may be costly. In this article, we present a theory and conduct experiments that take into account the costs associated with communicating, as well as the difficulty of the decisions that groups make. We find that when there is even a small cost (relative to the potential benefit) associated with sending information to others and/or listening, groups are much less likely to reach a consensus, primarily because they are less willing to communicate with one another. We also find that difficult problems significantly reduce group members’ willingness to communicate with one another and, therefore, hinder their ability to reach a consensus

Characterization of Powder Metallurgy Lightweight Alloys

Over the past few decades, the automotive industry has seen a steady increase in the amount of powder metallurgy products that have been included in modern vehicles. The majority of the parts were cold press and sintered products that allowed for a high production volume and low cost option. In more recent years, the powder metallurgy parts have seen service as structural parts mainly consisting of steel base products. The mechanical and dynamic properties of four lightweight materials produced by powder metallurgy and additive manufactured are tested to determine if they are suitable to be used in a structural part within an internal combustion engine. The research concluded that an additive manufactured titanium material was the only tested material that met or exceeded the current requirements for strength to be a suitable material. The selected material showed low porosity that resulted in suitable fatigue and mechanical properties for a possible substation of the reference material

Rugged, low-conductance, heat-flow probe

Lightweight, compact probe structure has low thermal conductance to enable accurate measurement of slight temperature gradients. Probe combines ruggedness, high precision, accuracy, and stability. Device can withstand vibration, shock, acceleration, temperature extremes, and high vacuums, and should interest industrial engineers and geologists

The Judge as a Fly on the Wall: Interpretive Lessons from the Positive Political Theory of Legislation

In the modern debate over statutory interpretation, scholars frequently talk past one another, arguing for one or another interpretive approach on the basis of competing, and frequently undertheorized, conceptions of legislative supremacy and political theory. For example, so-called new textualists insist that the plain meaning approach is compelled by the U.S. Constitution and rule of law values; by contrast, theorists counseling a more dynamic approach often reject the premise of legislative supremacy that is supposed by the textualist view. A key element missing, therefore, from the modern statutory interpretation debate is a conspicuous articulation of the positive and empirical premises underlying the normative theory of interpretation; and, in particular, an unclear portrait of the theory of lawmaking supporting the theory of interpretation. In this paper, we consider statutory interpretation from the perspective of positive political theory (PPT) looking, first, at the best framework for understanding the relationship between duly authorized lawmakers and the judge/interpreters. We build upon the modern literature of communication theory to support the familiar view that a statute is best understood as an act of communication by the legislature to an audience. PPT helps us to draw various lessons for modern interpretation debates from this assumption. We consider several of these lessons in our paper, and we focus especially on the hoary debate over the use and utility of legislative history in construing ambiguous statutory language