Predisposing factors in enterotoxemias of camels (Camelus dromedarius) caused by Clostridium perfringens type A

Clostridium perfringens type A a été isolé à partir de différents organes et d'intestins prélevés sur des dromadaires d'élevage et de course, morts des suites d'entérotoxémies aiguës et subaiguës dans deux foyers distincts. Les modifications pathologiques du tube digestif étaient légères chez les dromadaires d'élevage mais importantes chez les animaux de course. Un sérum anticlostridien polyvalent d'origine bovine, administré par voie intraveineuse, a eu un effet salvateur sur les dromadaires d'élevage mais est resté inefficace pour les autres. Dans les deux foyers, 50 p. 100 des dromadaires d'élevage souffraient d'une affection aiguë à Trypanosoma evansi et 25 p. 100 des dromadaires de course étaient atteints de salmonellose. Les auteurs pensent que ces deux affections ont joué un rôle important, comme facteurs prédisposants, dans l'apparition de ces deux foyers d'entérotoxémie à C. perfringen

Using modern reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer and artificial insemination to improve the reproductive potential of dromedary camels

Les premiers essais ont évalué le dilueur optimum pour le sperme du dromadaire. Les éjaculats de dromadaires mâles recueillis ont été dilués à 1 :1 avec un tampon vert, du Laciphos ou du glucose de lait écrémé. Puis, un total de 300 X 106 spermatozoïdes vivants ont été inséminés dans chaque femelle dont l'ovulation avait été provoquée à l'aide de 20 pg de busereline (analogue du GnRH) administrés 24 h plus tôt. La gestation a été confirmée chez 47, 53 et 0 p. 100 des femelles inséminées avec le sperme dilué dans des dilueurs respectivement à base de tampon vert, de Laciphos et de lait écrémé. Dans la seconde expérimentation, les femelles donneuses ont subi une superovulation avec un mélange de 20 Ul de FSH porcine et 2 500 Ul de gonadotrophine chorionique équine. Les femelles répondant à ce traitement ont été accouplées à des mâles sélectionnés dès que la majorité des follicules avaient atteint 1,3 à 1,8 cm de diamètre. L'utérus était lavé sans intervention chirurgicale huit jours après l'accouplement (sept jours après l'ovulation). Les embryons collectés étaient soit directement transférés, un à la fois, chez des receveuses à différents stades de synchronisme par rapport au 7e jour de la donneuse (+1 à -3 jours, n = 58), soit réfrigérés dans un milieu de lavage spécifique pendant 24 h dans un Equitainer à 4 'C avant d'être transférés, un à la fois, chez des receveuses (n = 32) au 61 jour après l'ovulation. Le taux de gestation a augmenté jusqu'au maximum de 67 p. 100 quand la receveuse était synchronisée à 1 jour avant la donneuse. Ce taux a décru fortement quand le niveau d'asynchronie a augmenté à + 1 (9 p. 100) ou à -3 (10 p. 100). L'état de gravidité de 20 receveuses (63 p. 100) sur les 32 qui avaient reçu les embryons réfrigérés a été confirmé entre 18 et 20 jours après l'ovulation, entraînant un taux de succès similaire à celui atteint dans le groupe de contrôle qui avait reçu des embryons frais (67 p. 100). (Résumé d'auteur

Regulation of intracellular free arachidonic acid in Aplysia nervous system

We have studied the regulation of arachidonic acid (AA) uptake, metabolism, and release in Aplysia nervous system. Following uptake of [ 3 H]AA, the distribution of radioactivity in intracellular and extracellular lipid pools was measured as a function of time in the presence or absence of exogenous AA. The greatest amount of AA was esterified into phosphatidylinositol (relative to pool size). We found that the intracellular free AA pool underwent rapid turnover, and that radioactive free AA and eicosanoids were released at a rapid rate into the extracellular medium, both in the presence and absence of exogenous AA. Most of the released radioactivity originated from phosphatidylinositol.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48020/1/232_2005_Article_BF01868464.pd

Climate Services for Resilient Development in South Asia: Mid-term Report, January - June 2018

A global partnership that is aligned with the Global Framework for Climate Services, Climate Services for Resilient Development (CSRD) works to link climate science, data streams, decision support tools, and training with decision-makers in developing countries. CSRD is led by the United States Government and is supported by the UK Government Department for International Development (DFID), UK Meteorological Office, ESRI, Google, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the American Red Cross. Led by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), the CSRD initiative in South Asia works with partners to conduct applied research and facilitate the use of climate information to reduce risk for smallholder farmers. This report details activities of the CSRD project in South Asia during 2018, with emphasis on the second half of 2018 (activities in the first half of 2018 can be found in the semi-annual report)

A comprehensive review of barriers to a functional Zakat system in Nigeria: what needs to be done?

Purpose: Muslims in Nigeria, like in many Muslim-majority countries, are striving to have a functional Zakat system in search of solutions to the perennial problem of poverty and its damning consequences. Nevertheless, there are still unsettled concerns arising from the current and widespread implementation of dissimilar (diverse) approaches to the Zakat system in various parts of the country. The purpose of this paper is to review comprehensively what are the hindrances of a vibrant Zakat system and how far the identified impediments may affect the system in the Nigerian context.Design/methodology/approach:The methodology adopted is the review of extant relevant literature in the field of scholarly publications.Findings: The findings of this study revealed that the fragmented implementation of the Zakat system within the context of the Nigerian democratic system of government lead to the weak governance with respect to law, administration and management; lack of a generally accepted fatwa from the Muslims scholars (Ulamas); absence of Zakat accounting standard; and low compliance behavior are the major barriers that require the attention of government and other stakeholders such as the traditional leaders, the accounting regulatory bodies, the Ulamas, as well as the economic and accounting researchers.Practical implications: It was recommended that the stakeholders should make concerted efforts toward ensuring success of the Zakat system for attaining salvation in the hereafter and for social security, as well as economic prosperity. Originality/value: The paper is the first paper that comprehensively reviews previous literature in the Zakat environment on factors that become barriers to implement a comprehensive Zakat system in Nigeria

Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens