9,158 research outputs found
Isolation of a Chiral Anthracene Cation Radical: X-Ray Crystallography and Computational Interrogation of its Racemization
Chiral cation-radical salts hold significant promise as charge-transfer materials, chiroptical switches, and electron-transfer catalysts for enantioselective synthesis. Herein we demonstrate that the readily-available chiral 9,10-diphenyleanthracene derivative (i.e.SANT) forms a robust cation radical, whose structure was elucidated by X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations. While SANT was observed to racemize on a timescale (t1/2) of 1.1 hours, a computational conformational search and kinetic analysis of the racemization pathway led us to identify a simple methyl substituted SANT derivative, which does not racemize (racemization t1/2 1013–1017 years)
The late time radio emission from SN 1993J at meter wavelengths
We present the investigations of SN 1993J using low frequency observations
with the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope. We analyze the light curves of SN
1993J at 1420, 610, 325 and 243 MHz during years since explosion.The
supernova has become optically thin early on in the 1420 MHz and 610 MHz bands
while it has only recently entered the optically thin phase in the 325 MHz
band. The radio light curve in the 235 MHz band is more or less flat. This
indicates that the supernova is undergoing a transition from an optically thick
to optically thin limit in this frequency band. In addition, we analyze the SN
radio spectra at five epochs on day 3000, 3200, 3266, 3460 and 3730 since
explosion. Day 3200 spectrum shows a synchrotron cooling break. SN 1993J is the
only young supernova for which the magnetic field and the size of the radio
emitting region are determined through unrelated methods. Thus the mechanism
that controls the evolution of the radio spectra can be identified. We suggest
that at all epochs, the synchrotron self absorption mechanism is primarily
responsible for the turn-over in the spectra. Light curve models based on free
free absorption in homogeneous or inhomogeneous media at high frequencies
overpredict the flux densities at low frequencies. The discrepancy is
increasingly larger at lower and lower frequencies. We suggest that an extra
opacity, sensitively dependent on frequency, is likely to account for the
difference at lower frequencies. The evolution of the magnetic field
(determined from synchrotron self absorption turn-over) is roughly consistent
with . Radio spectral index in the optically thin part
evolves from at few tens of days to in about
10 years.Comment: 37 pages, 9 figures in LaTex; scheduled for ApJ 10 September 2004,
v612 issue; send comments to: [email protected]
Synchrotron aging and the radio spectrum of SN 1993J
We combine the GMRT low frequency radio observations of SN 1993J with the VLA
high frequency radio data to get a near simultaneous spectrum around day 3200
since explosion. The low frequency measurements of the supernova determine the
turnover frequency and flux scale of the composite spectrum and help reveal a
steepening in the spectral index, , in the optically
thin part of the spectrum. This is the first observational evidence of a break
in the radio spectrum of a young supernova. We associate this break with the
phenomenon of synchrotron aging of radiating electrons. From the break in the
spectrum we calculate the magnetic field in the shocked region independent of
the equipartition assumption between energy density of relativistic particles
and magnetic energy density. We determine the ratio of these two energy
densities and find that this ratio is in the range: . We also predict the nature of the evolution of the synchrotron break
frequency with time, with competing effects due to diffusive Fermi acceleration
and adiabatic expansion of the radiative electron plasma.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ
A Simultaneous Deterministic Perturbation Actor-Critic Algorithm with an Application to Optimal Mortgage Refinancing
Wedevelopasimulation-based,two-timescale actorcritic algorithm for infinite horizon Markov decision processes with finite state and action spaces, with a discounted reward criterion. The algorithm is of the gradient ascent type and performs a search in the space of stationary randomized policies. The algorithm uses certain simultaneous deterministic perturbation stochastic approximation (SDPSA) gradient estimates for enhanced performance. We show an application of our algorithm on a problem of mortgage refinancing. Our algorithm obtains the optimal refinancing strategies in a computationally efficient manner
Characteristics of gravity waves generated in a convective and a non-convective environment revealed from hourly radiosonde observation under CPEA-II campaign
Analyses of hourly radiosonde data of temperature, wind, and relative
humidity during four days (two with convection and two with no convection)
as a part of an intensive observation period in CPEA-2 campaign over Koto
Tabang (100.32° E, 0.20° S), Indonesia, are presented.
Characteristics of gravity waves in terms of dominant wave frequencies at
different heights and their vertical wavelengths are shown in the lower
stratosphere during a convective and non-convective period. Gravity waves with
periods ~10 h and ~4–5 h were found dominant near
tropopause (a region of high stability) on all days of
observation. Vertical propagation of gravity waves were seen modified near
heights of the three identified strong wind shears (at ~16, 20, and
25 km heights) due to wave-mean flow interaction. Between 17 and 21 km
heights, meridional wind fluctuations dominated over zonal wind, whereas from
22 to 30 km heights, wave fluctuations with periods ~3–5 h and
~8–10 h in zonal wind and temperature were highly associated,
suggesting zonal orientation of wave propagation. Gravity waves from
tropopause region to 30 km heights were analyzed. In general, vertical
wavelength of 2–5 km dominated in all the mean-removed (~ weekly mean)
wind and temperature hourly profiles. Computed vertical wavelength spectra
are similar, in most of the cases, to the source spectra (1–16 km height)
except that of zonal wind spectra, which is broad during active convection.
Interestingly, during and after convection, gravity waves with short
vertical wavelength (~2 km) and short period (~2–3 h)
emerged, which were confined in the close vicinity of tropopause, and were
not identified on non-convective days, suggesting convection to be the source
for them. Some wave features near strong wind shear (at 25 km height) were
also observed with short vertical wavelengths in both convective and
non-convective days, suggesting wind shear to be the sole cause of generation
and seemingly not associated with deep convection below. A drop in the
temperature up to ~4–5 K (after removal of diurnal component) was
observed at ~16 km height near a strong wind shear (~45–55 m s<sup>−1</sup> km<sup>−1</sup>) during active period of convection
Recovery on non-ferrous metallic values from metallurgical wastes
WITH the increased tempo of industrial expansion and ever-increasing consumption of common nonferrous metals like Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sri in India, conservation, substitution and reclamation from waste products and substandard raw materials are of paramount importance for the country, not only to tide over the present crisis but also in the larger interests of economic growth and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency can be attained by developing processes for the utilization of low grade and complex ores,recovery of metals from waste products, like slags, ashes, drosses, apart from conservation of the non-ferrous metals not available in the country, by their judicious use and also by substitution wherever possible
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