Analysis of over 1,600 chemistry YouTube channels from 2005 to 2023

Chemistry – “the central science” – has found broad appeal on the freely available global video-sharing platform YouTube. Given that YouTube is now almost universally accessible and may be the first place people look to engage with science topics, and that chemistry YouTube videos are now even being cited in the peer-reviewed literature, it is important to know what sort of chemistry YouTube content is available, who is producing it, and who the target audiences are. By applying both manual and semi-automated search methods, we identified and analysed publicly available data for 1,619 chemistry YouTube channels that were available in 2023. We found that (1) the majority of chemistry YouTube channels (84%) were being produced by independent content creators with no clear affiliation to institutions, corporations, or any other body; (2) the background of the majority of chemistry channel creators was not readily apparent (57%); (3) that the majority of videos were aimed at students (71%); (4) that the majority of videos (71%) were focused on chemistry theory or exam revision. The USA, India, and the UK were the top three countries for producing English-language chemistry YouTube content (19%, 11%, and 5% respectively). 51% of chemistry YouTube channels had not posted a video in the 12 months prior to the sampling period in 2023. We also examined the number of videos produced, channel lifespans, the use of features such as playlists and short-form videos, apparent revenue streams (outside of default advertising), the use of other social media, and whether or not channels were exclusively producing chemistry content. We note that chemistry YouTube video production massively increased in 2020, concurrent with the outbreak of the COVID-19 global pandemic. This study and its associated dataset provide the first large-scale ‘census’ of how YouTube is being used for chemistry communication and education worldwide. We expect our findings to be of interest and use to policy makers, funding agencies, educators, content creators, and the public

Prevalence of Frailty in European Emergency Departments (FEED): an international flash mob study

Introduction Current emergency care systems are not optimized to respond to multiple and complex problems associated with frailty. Services may require reconfiguration to effectively deliver comprehensive frailty care, yet its prevalence and variation are poorly understood. This study primarily determined the prevalence of frailty among older people attending emergency care. Methods This cross-sectional study used a flash mob approach to collect observational European emergency care data over a 24-h period (04 July 2023). Sites were identified through the European Task Force for Geriatric Emergency Medicine collaboration and social media. Data were collected for all individuals aged 65 + who attended emergency care, and for all adults aged 18 + at a subset of sites. Variables included demographics, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), vital signs, and disposition. European and national frailty prevalence was determined with proportions with each CFS level and with dichotomized CFS 5 + (mild or more severe frailty). Results Sixty-two sites in fourteen European countries recruited five thousand seven hundred eighty-five individuals. 40% of 3479 older people had at least mild frailty, with countries ranging from 26 to 51%. They had median age 77 (IQR, 13) years and 53% were female. Across 22 sites observing all adult attenders, older people living with frailty comprised 14%. Conclusion 40% of older people using European emergency care had CFS 5 + . Frailty prevalence varied widely among European care systems. These differences likely reflected entrance selection and provide windows of opportunity for system configuration and workforce planning

High level synthesis of Smith-Waterman dataflow implementations

The paper presents the results of design explorations for the implementation of the Smith-Waterman (S-W) algorithm executing DNA and protein sequences alignment. Both design explorations studies and the corresponding FPGA implementations are obtained by writing a dynamic dataflow program implementing the algorithm and by direct high-level synthesis (HLS) to FPGA HDL. The main feature of the obtained implementation is a low-latency, pipelinable multistage processing element (PE), providing a substantial decrease in the resource utilization and an increase in the computation throughput when compared to state of the art solutions. The implementation solution is also fully scalable and can be efficiently reconfigured according to the DNA sequence sizes and to system performance requirements. The FPGA design presented in the paper can efficiently scale up to 250 MHz obtaining 14746 Alignments/s using a single S-W core with 4 PEs, and up to 31.8 Mega-Alignments/min using 36 S-W cores on the same FPGA for sequences of 160×100 nucleotides

Trace-based manycore partitioning of stream-processing applications

Application performance on these processor array platforms is highly sensitive to how functionality is physically placed on the device, as this choice crucially determines communication latencies and congestion patterns of the on-chip inter-core communication. The problem of identifying the best, or just a good enough, partitioning and placement does not, in general, admit to an analytic solution, and its combinatorial nature makes solving it by pure experimentation impractical. This paper presents an approach that maps stream programs onto processor arrays using trace analysis as a technique for evaluating candidate solutions and for suggesting alternatives

Tracing of polypropylene with rare earth oxides in view of automatic sorting of plastic wastes

International audienc

Automated design flow for coarse-grained reconfigurable platforms: An RVC-CAL multi-standard decoder use-case

Specialized hardware infrastructures for efficient multi-application runtime reconfigurable platforms require to address several issues. The higher is the system complexity, the more error prone and time consuming is the entire design flow. Moreover, system configuration along with resource management and mapping are challenging, especially when runtime adaptivity is required. In order to address these issues, the Reconfigurable Video Coding Group within the MPEG group has developed the MPEG RMC standards ISO/IEC 23001-4 and 23002-4, based on the dataflow Model of Computation. In this paper, we propose an integrated design flow, leveraging on Xronos, TURNUS, and the Multi-Dataflow Composer tool, capable of automatic synthesis and mapping of reconfigurable systems. In particular, an RVC MPEG-4 SP decoder and the RVC Intra MPEG-4 SP decoder have been implemented on the same coarse-grained reconfigurable platform, targeting a Xilinx Virtex 5 330 FPGA board. Results confirmed the potentiality of the approach, capable of completely preserving the single decoders functionality and of providing, in addition, considerable power/area benefits with respect to the parallel implementation of the considered decoders on the same platform

TURNUS: an open-source design space exploration framework for dynamic stream programs

Although the research on the design of heterogeneous concurrent systems has a long and rich history, a unified design methodology and tool support have not emerged so far. Therefore, the creation of such systems remains a difficult, time-consuming and error-prone process. The absence of principled support for system evaluation and optimization at high level of abstraction makes the quality of the resulting implementation strongly dependent on the experience or individual preferences of the designer. In this work we are presenting TURNUS, a unified dataflow design space exploration framework for heterogeneous parallel systems. This open source framework represents a decade of research on high-level modelling and simulation methods and tools for system level performance estimation and optimization. Last year we presented heuristic algorithms that were focused on the results of exploration in terms of algorithmic optimization, rapid performance estimation, application throughput, buffer size dimensioning and power optimization. This year we are presenting the novelties that have been introduced in TURNUS such as clock gating, pipelining optimization, kernel splitting algorithms, advanced partitioning algorithms and scheduling optimization based on model predictive control techniques

Partitioning And Optimization Of High Level Stream Applications For Multi Clock Domain Architectures

In this paper we propose a design methodology to partition dataflow applications on a multi clock domain architecture. This work shows how starting from a high level dataflow representation of a dynamic program it is possible to reduce the overall power consumption without impacting the performances. Two different approaches are illustrated, both based on the post-processing and analysis of the causation trace of a dataflow program. Methodology and experimental results are demonstrated in an at-size scenario using an MPEG-4 Simple Profile decoder