Appendix A. The fecundity rate (F), age at maturity (AM), juvenile (Pjuv) and adult (Pad) survival rate of the species.

The fecundity rate (F), age at maturity (AM), juvenile (Pjuv) and adult (Pad) survival rate of the species

Appendix A. Numerical calculation of model parameters.

Numerical calculation of model parameters

Supplement 1. R script for numerical calculations.

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <p><a href="Rcode.txt">Rcode.txt</a> </p></blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> <p>The file Rcode.txt contains the R script that was used to calculate parameter values for the examples given in the main article, using the program R.</p> </blockquote

Appendix C. Conditional correlations.

Conditional correlations

Appendix D. Literature cited in Appendices A–C.

Literature cited in Appendices A–C

Appendix A. Derivation of the equilibrium solution.

Derivation of the equilibrium solution

Appendix B. Derivation of the general scaling result.

Derivation of the general scaling result

Individual histories for moose at Vega 1984-2012

Individual reproductive and survival histories for female moose at Vega 1984-2012. Numbers according to states: 1: Produced 0 calves, 2: Produced 1 calf, 3: Produced 2 calves, 4: Hunted, and 5: Natural death

Details regarding the meta-analysis of home range size in ungulates from Home ranges, habitat and body mass: simple correlates of home range size in ungulates

The spatial scale of animal space use, e.g. measured as individual home range size, is a key trait with important implications for ecological and evolutionary processes as well as management and conservation of populations and ecosystems. Explaining variation in home range size has therefore received great attention in ecological research. However, few studies have examined multiple hypotheses simultaneously, which is important provided the complex interactions between life history, social system and behaviour. Here, we review previous studies on home range size in ungulates, supplementing with a meta-analysis, to assess how differences in habitat use and species characteristics affect the relationship between body mass and home range size. Habitat type was the main factor explaining interspecific differences in home range size after accounting for species body mass and group size. Species using open habitats had larger home ranges for a given body mass than species using closed habitats, whereas species in open landscapes showed a much weaker allometric relationship compared with species living in closed landscapes. We found no support for relationships between home range size and species diet or mating system, or any sexual differences. These patterns suggest that the spatial scale of animal movement mainly is a combined effect of body mass, group size and the landscape structure. Accordingly, landscape management must acknowledge the influence of spatial distribution of habitat types on animal behaviour to ensure natural processes affecting demography and viability of ungulate populations

Endoparasite Infection Has Both Short- and Long-Term Negative Effects on Reproductive Success of Female House Sparrows, as Revealed by Faecal Parasitic Egg Counts

<div><p>Parasites have the potential to severely reduce host reproductive success. However, the effects of endoparasites on reproductive success have not received the same amount of attention as the effects of parasites on host survival. We investigated the relationship between an avian endoparasite (gapeworm, <i>Syngamus trachea</i>) and both current and future reproductive success of female house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) in a population on the coast of Helgeland, northern Norway. We found that the proportion of eggs in a nest that failed to develop into fledglings increased as the faecal parasitic egg count of the mothers increased. We also found that juvenile females with high numbers of parasitic eggs in their faeces had lower lifetime reproductive success as adults. However, we did not find a relationship between maternal parasite infection and clutch size or recruitment rate of offspring. To our knowledge this is the first study to find a relationship between reproductive success of an avian host and faecal egg count of an endoparasite. The present study indicates that infection by an endoparasite may be associated with lower individual reproductive success in both the short-term and long-term in a wild population of hosts.</p></div