МУЛЬТИСПИРАЛЬНАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ТОМОГРАФИЯ В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПАТОЛОГИЕЙ ВОСХОДЯЩЕГО ОТДЕЛА АОРТЫ В ДО- И ПОСЛЕОПЕРАЦИОННОМ ПЕРИОДЕ

This review presents current information on the diagnosis of patients with pathology of the ascending aorta in the pre and postoperative period using multispiral computed tomography. The authors paid attention to the importance of valuation of the valvular apparatus elements, the geometry of the root of the aorta (effective coaptation height, Henle triangles, aortic regurgitation area, etc.), the features of which are necessary for the surgeon to solve technical issues of the forthcoming operation. A comparison of the diagnostic value of multispiral computed tomography and transthoracic echocardiography with respect to the visualization of valvular structures is shown. The role of multispiral computed tomography in the planning of transcatheter aortic valve replacement and the determination of results after intervention is described. With the help of multispiral computed tomography, assessing the state of the ascending aorta, the aortic root and aortic valve elements, the surgeon has an opportunity to choose the optimal variant of the valve-preserving operation and to evaluate postoperative results in the preoperative period.В обзоре представлена актуальная информация о диагностике пациентов с патологией восходящего отдела аорты в до- и послеоперационном периоде с помощью мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии. Авторы уделили внимание важности оценки элементов клапанного аппарата, геометрии корня аорты (эффективная высота коаптации, треугольники Генле, площадь аортальной регургитации и др.), особенности которой необходимы хирургу для решения технических вопросов предстоящей операции. Показано сравнение диагностической ценности мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии и трансторакальной эхокардиографии в отношении визуализации клапанных структур. Описана роль мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии в планировании транскатетерного протезирования аортального клапана и определении результатов после интервенции. С помощью мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии, оценивая состояние восходящего отдела аорты, элементов корня аорты и аортального клапана, хирург в предоперационном периоде получает возможность выбора оптимального варианта клапаносохраняющей операции и оценки послеоперационных результатов

СЛУЧАЙ УСПЕШНОГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЭСТРАКОРПОРАЛЬНОЙ МЕМБРАННОЙ ОКСИГЕНАЦИИ ПРИ КРИТИЧЕСКОМ МИТРАЛЬНОМ СТЕНОЗЕ С ТРОМБОЗОМ ЛЕВОГО ПРЕДСЕРДИЯ

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is considered either as a linking procedure restoring functioning of an organ or as a link to organ grafting. If there is no expectancy to bring back pulmonary or cardiac functioning and grafting is out of feasibility, one should consider ECMO to be meaningless. In this paper we have demonstrated a successful application of ECMO in a 55 y. o. female patient with terminal stage of critical mitral valve stenosis with left atrial thrombus and her left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 16%. Following 4-day perfusion due to a noticeable positive dynamics the patient underwent mitral valve replacement and LA thrombus removal. In fi ve days after the surgery ECMO was disconnected. At discharge LV ejection fraction was 43%.Conclusions: we believe ECMO should be more widely applied in cardiac surgery.Процедура ЭКМО рассматривается либо как «мост» к восстановлению функции органа, либо как «мост» к трансплантации органа. Если же надежды на восстановление функции сердца или легких нет, а возможность их трансплантации отсутствует, то рассматривать подключение ЭКМО бессмысленно. В данном сообщении мы приводим случай успешного применения ЭКМО у пациентки 55 лет в терминальной стадии критического митрального стеноза с тромбозом левого предсердия и фракцией выброса левого желудочка (ФВ ЛЖ) 16%. После 4 дней перфузии на фоне выраженной положительной динамики пациентке было успешно выполнено протезирование митрального клапана и тромбэктомия из левого предсердия. Через 5 суток после операции отключена ЭКМО. На момент выписки из стационара ФВ ЛЖ составляла 43%.Выводы: ЭКМО может более широко применяться в кардиохирургической практике

Current trends in cannulation and neuroprotection during surgery of the aortic arch in Europe†‡

OBJECTIVES To conduct a survey across European cardiac centres to evaluate the methods used for cerebral protection during aortic surgery involving the aortic arch. METHODS All European centres were contacted and surgeons were requested to fill out a short, comprehensive questionnaire on an internet-based platform. One-third of more than 400 contacted centres completed the survey correctly. RESULTS The most preferred site for arterial cannulation is the subclavian-axillary, both in acute and chronic presentation. The femoral artery is still frequently used in the acute condition, while the ascending aorta is a frequent second choice in the case of chronic presentation. Bilateral antegrade brain perfusion is chosen by the majority of centres (2/3 of cases), while retrograde perfusion or circulatory arrest is very seldom used and almost exclusively in acute clinical presentation. The same pumping system of the cardio pulmonary bypass is most of the time used for selective cerebral perfusion, and the perfusate temperature is usually maintained between 22 and 26°C. One-third of the centres use lower temperatures. Perfusate flow and pressure are fairly consistent among centres in the range of 10-15 ml/kg and 60 mmHg, respectively. In 60% of cases, barbiturates are added for cerebral protection, while visceral perfusion still receives little attention. Regarding cerebral monitoring, there is a general tendency to use near-infrared spectroscopy associated with bilateral radial pressure measurement. CONCLUSIONS These data represent a snapshot of the strategies used for cerebral protection during major aortic surgery in current practice, and may serve as a reference for standardization and refinement of different approache

Features of self-concept of adolescents who are brought up in the conditions of paternal deprivation

Introduction: this article deals with the problem of personal development of adolescents who are brought up in the conditions of paternal deprivation, on the example of the content aspects of the main components of their Self-concept. On the basis of the analysis of the actual data presented in modern studies, the trend of growth in the number of incomplete (maternal) families and the specifics of the development of children and adolescents from such families is stated. The author gives a general assessment of the degree of study of the problem of Self-concept in adolescence and shows its lack of development in relation to adolescents raised in conditions of paternal deprivation.Materials and Methods: a comparative analysis of the features of the content aspects of the main structural components of the Self-concept of adolescents from full and maternal families, a total of 170 people was carried out. The content characteristics of the cognitive component of the Self-concept –Self-image and the manifestations of the emotional component – Self-rating, including the general self-acceptance of adolescents are studied.Results: data of some specificity of the formation of Self-concept of adolescents who are brought up in the conditions of paternal deprivation were received. In particular, the study confirmed the hypothesis that paternal deprivation has a significant impact on the content of the adolescent’s Self-image, which is reflected in both quantitative and qualitative features of their Self-descriptions. In addition, the results of comparative analysis it was determined that the presence of adolescents who are brought up mothers to lower performance in most of the parameters of the Self-rating, except in the area of romantic relationships.Discussion and Conclusions: in general, the results of the study allowed identifying the predominant Self-representation of adolescents from full and maternal families, as well as the nature of their Self-rating in the most important parameters for this age