A Comparison Of The Collinear Mean And The Mean Sea Surface As Reference Levels For Altimeter Analysis In The Southern Pacific Ocean

Satellites are used to study various oceanic phenomena, including sea surface temperature, color, and sea height variability (which is related to oceanic currents). In observing sea height variability from radar altimeters, three methods of analysis can be applied. They are the collinear or repeat track method, the cross-over difference method, and the mean sea surface method. All three are designed to remove the effects of geoid undulations from the altimeter records. This paper compares the collinear method with the mean sea surface method in a small geographic area. Both methods analyze the tracks of collinear altimeter data by subtracting a mean pass and a best fit quadratic curve. Geoid variability is effectively removed by subtracting the mean pass, while the quadratic curve removal eliminates remaining long wavelength orbit error and tidal signals. The difference between the two methods is in the mean pass that is subtracted. The collinear mean is computed from a point by point average of the collinear data taken from one month of the SEASAT mission. The mean sea surface method subtracts a mean pass derived from a global mean sea surface developed from cross-over data from the 3.5 year GEOS-3 and the full 3.5 month SEASAT missions. After this processing, the residual data from these methods are compared in the spatial and spectral (wavenumber) domains. In the region of 1 0~2 cycles per kilometer, a spectral analysis will yield energy primarily from oceanic variability and eddy currents. Over all wavenumbers, the two methods compared qualitatively. Quantitatively the mean sea surface residuals had an order of magnitude higher variance than the collinear mean residuals. This was true at all wavenumbers except in the region of 10-2 cycles per kilometer, where the mean sea surface residuals still had more power, but only by a factor of two or three. This is significant because this region is thought to contain the peak amount of power from oceanic signals. With more data it may be possible to completely and accurately define a mean sea surface suitable for the detection of various oceanic phenomena with a single pass of a satellite altimeter. It is concluded from this study that this cannot be done with the presently available mean sea surface

The German Hansa and King Richard II of England: A Nuanced and Evolving Relationship during the latter 14th Century

This study intends to investigate this important international relationship between medieval England and the merchants of the German Hansa, and to provide a survey of the administrative and diplomatic realities. Specifically, these chapters will focus on, and attempt to contribute to, the historiographical debate surrounding these two medieval economic superpowers during the reign of King Richard II in the late 14th century by enhancing the existing with an in-depth study of the changing factors motivating English diplomacy. As a result of this effort, this thesis will be able to more specifically triangulate England’s early efforts to gain a position in the commercial revolution, and we will be able to further understand the context of the evolving importance of international relations to medieval trade during this pivotal moment of the commercial revolution. The process of comparing the prevailing interpretations of Anglo-Hanseatic relations with an analysis of the Calendars of the Patent and Close Chancery Rolls for Richard II’s reign will center in on the particulars of the evolving and nuanced rapport between royal authorities and the German Hansa. While the reign of King Richard II does represent a tumultuous moment in the history of the Anglo-Hanseatic relationship, a deeper read of the situation reveals that the English government proceeded through several diplomatic phases with their mercantile counterparts, not just a single see change in nature of Anglo-Hanseatic relations from pleasant to hostile, as some other historians have suggested

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: WHICH INCLUSION MODEL PROVIDES ACADEMIC GAINS FOR STUDENTS WITH MILD TO SEVERE DISABILITIES IN THE SECONDARY SETTING?

A major premise of inclusive education for students with mild-severe disabilities is to provide skills, which enable them to live, work, and participate in an integrated community of life-long learners. Inclusive education would lead these students to greater independence and opportunity to be educated together in age appropriate general education classrooms. Three inclusion models were compared to determine which model would produce higher gains, both academically and socially in a high school multi-disability classroom. All three groups were their own control groups. Students were assigned to groups based on intellectual functioning and individual needs. Each group consisted of students that were relatively higher functioning, relatively lower functioning and students with severe needs. The settings included a general education classroom with adult/paraprofessional interaction, a general education setting with peer interactions or a small group instructional classroom with peer directed instructional activities. A constant comparison methodology was used to analyze the data across three groups and role of stakeholders. Findings revealed the benefits of inclusive education for all students, but the gains varied depending on the setting/inclusion model used.  Article visualizations

An improved long range fuel management program

Originally presented as the author's thesis, (M.S.)--in the M.I.T. Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1978Includes bibliographical references (leaf 70)Support provided by Westinghouse Electric Company, Yankee Atomic Electric Compan