Health Hazard from Gas Emissions in the Quaternary Volcanic Province of Latium (Italy)

The Quaternary Volcanic Province of Central Italy is characterized by zones with a huge endogenous degassing where frequent, sometimes lethal, accidents occur to people and animals. The emitted gas has a deep origin (volcanic or mantle) and is mainly composed by CO2 (up to 98%) and H2S (1-4%), which may reach dangerous concentrations both in open air and indoor. Here we present the results of a multiparametric geochemical study carried out in 2007-2009 in the Provinces of Rome and Viterbo (Latium), with the aim of assessing the health hazard of their main gas emission sites (GES). Three types of GES were investigated: 1. natural, open-air thermal pools, 2. within natural reserves, 3. near to inhabited zones. More than 15 GES have been studied, and here we will illustrate some of the cases with the highest hazard. Results are presented for the sites of Vejano and Mola di Oriolo (Viterbo), Caldara di Manziana, Tor Caldara and Solforata di Pomezia (Rome). Cava dei Selci is a well-known inhabited area of the volcanic complex of Colli Albani (Rome). In each site, multi-technique surveys have been carried out to estimate the total gas output and its concentration in air, by measuring: CO2 and H2S viscous and diffuse flux (the latter by accumulation chamber), CO2 and H2S concentration in air (by TDL profiles and punctual Draeger measurements); moreover, the chemical and isotopic composition of the gas was determined in each site. In all these zones, lethal air concentrations may be reached by both H2S and CO2, but more frequently by the first. Recommendations for risk reduction were given to Civil Protection authorities.Comission of Cities and Volcanoes (CaV) of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), Gobierno de España Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Gobierno de España Unidad Militar de Emergencias (UME), Ministerio de Defensa, Gobierno de España Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (ACIISI), Gobierno de Canarias Viceconsejería de Infraestructuras y Planificación, Gobierno de Canarias Consejería de Turismo, Gobierno de Canarias Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias Viceconsejería de Cultura y Deportes, Gobierno de Canarias Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME)Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN)Academia Canaria de Seguridad Federación Canaria de Municipios (FECAM) Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias (IEHC) CajaCanariasPublishedPuerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferiope

Hazardous gas emissions from the flanks of the quiescent Colli Albani volcano (Rome, Italy)

Gas hazard was evaluated in the three most important cold gas emission zones on the flanks of the quiescent Colli Albani volcano. These zones are located above structural highs of the buried carbonate basement which represents the main regional aquifer and the main reservoir for gas rising from depth. All extensional faults affecting the limestone reservoir represent leaking pathways along which gas rises to the surface and locally accumulates in shallow permeable horizons forming pressurized pockets that may produce gas blowout when reached by wells. The gas, mainly composed by CO2 (>90 vol.%), contains appreciable quantities of H2S (0.35-6 vol.%), and both represent a potentially high local hazard. Both gases are denser than air and accumulate near ground where they may reach hazardous concentrations, and actually lethal accidents frequently occur to animals watering at local ponds. In order to evaluate the rate of degassing and the related hazard, CO2 and H2S diffuse soil flux surveys have been repeatedly carried out by accumulation chamber. The viscous gas flux of some important discrete emissions has been also evaluated and the CO2 and H2S air concentration measured by portable devises and by Tunable Diode Laser profiles. The minimum potential lethal concentration of the two gases (250 ppm for H2S and 8 vol.% for CO2) is 320 times higher for CO2, whereas the CO2/H2S concentration ratio in the emitted natural gas is significantly lower (15-159). This explains why H2S reaches hazardous, even lethal, concentrations more frequently than CO2. A relevant hazard exists for both gases in the depressed zones (channels, excavations) particularly in the non-windy early hours of the day

Influencia de los aerosoles absorbentes en el UV en la medida de la columna total de ozono desde satélite

Ponencia presentada en: 1er Encuentro sobre Meteorología y Atmósfera de Canarias, celebrado en el Puerto de la Cruz, los días 12,13 y 14 de noviembre de 2003. El encuentro estuvo organizado por el Centro Meteorológico Territorial en Canarias Occidental, con la colaboración del Observatorio Atmosférico de Izaña y del Grupo de Física de la Atmósfera de la Facultad de Física (Universidad de La Laguna)El control de la capa de ozono es una de las tareas más importantes en la evaluación de los posibles riesgos producidos por la radiación UV. De igual forma, los aerosoles atmosféricos también modifican el balance de energía en el sistema, de forma directa mediante procesos de scattering y absorción de radiación, y de forma indirecta, mediante la modificación de ciclo de vida de las nubes. En este trabajo se han estudiado las posibles diferencias entre el ozono medido por el TOMS y el medido desde Tierra en presencia de aerosoles; estos vienen determinados por el índice de aerosoles, Al del TOMS. Para realizar este estudio se ha tomado una base de datos superior a 7GB, desde el 1 de Noviembre de 1978 hasta el 31 de Diciembre de 2001, correspondientes a /os datos del TOMS, y las 214 estaciones que hay repartidas por todo el planeta. El resultado obtenido para estas diferencias muestra que no existe diferencia apreciable entre los valores de 0 3 TOMS y los obtenidos desde tierra con el Al-TOMS.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por los proyectos REN2001-0609-C02/CLI y REN2000-0903-C08- 06/CLI del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología

¿Existen diferencias en rechazo escolar según los niveles de ansiedad escolar?

School anxiety is defined as a set of cognitive, psychophysiological and motor responses that a child emits in school situations that are threatening and / or ambiguous. The association that can occur between this behavior and other psychoeducational variables such as school refusal, makes it one of the most influential factors in the adjustment of children to the educational context. The purpose of this study was to check if there were differences in the level of manifestation of the different types of school rejection according to the level of school anxiety in primary school students. To carry out this study, a sample of 525 students with ages ranging from 8 to 12 years old (second and third cycle of Primary Education) was selected. Participants completed the School Anxiety Inventory for Primary Education (IAEP) and the Spanish version of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children (SRAS-R / C). Students in the group of high levels of school anxiety scored significantly higher than students with low levels of school anxiety in the first three factors of SARS-R / C: School rejection to avoid negative emotions, School refusal to escape aversive social situations and school rejection to attract attention. On the contrary, these results were different from those obtained for the fourth factor of the SARAS-R / C (Rejection to obtain tangible rewards outside the school), because no statistically significant differences were found between the groups with high and low anxiety. school. The results indicate that, in the Primary Education stage, school anxiety is associated with higher levels of school refusal. However, not all students who refuse to attend school show school anxiety, as demonstrated by the absence of statistically significant differences in the fourth factor of the SARS-C / R.La ansiedad escolar se define como un conjunto de respuestas cognitivas, psicofisiológicas y motoras que un niño emite ante situaciones escolares que le resultan amenazantes y/o ambiguas. La asociación que puede darse entre esta conducta y otras variables psicoeducativas como el rechazo escolar, la convierte en uno de los factores más influyentes en el ajuste de los niños y niñas al contexto educativo. El propósito de este estudio fue comprobar si existían diferencias en el nivel de manifestación de los distintos tipos de rechazo escolar según el nivel de ansiedad escolar en alumnos de Educación Primaria. Para realizar este estudio se seleccionó una muestra de 525 alumnos y alumnas con edades que oscilaban entre los 8 y 12 años (segundo y tercer ciclo de Educación Primaria). Los participantes completaron el Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar para Educación Primaria (IAEP) y la versión española del School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children (SRAS-R/C). Los alumnos encuadrados en el grupo de altos niveles de ansiedad escolar, puntuaron significativamente más alto que los alumnos con bajos niveles de ansiedad escolar en los tres primeros factores del SRAS-R/C: Rechazo escolar para evitar emociones negativas, Rechazo escolar para escapar de situaciones sociales aversivas y Rechazo escolar para llamar la atención. Por el contrario, estos resultados fueron distintos a los obtenidos para el cuarto factor del SRAS-R/C (Rechazo para obtener recompensas tangibles fuera de la escuela), debido a que no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con alta y baja ansiedad escolar. Los resultados indican  que, en la etapa de Educación Primaria, la ansiedad escolar está asociada a mayores niveles de rechazo escolar. Sin embargo, no todos los alumnos que rechazan asistir al colegio manifiestan ansiedad escolar, tal y como demuestra la ausencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el cuarto factor del SRAS-C/R

Magma emission rates fromshallow submarine eruptions using airborne thermal imaging

The effusion rate is the most important parameter to gatherwhen a volcanic eruption occurs, because it controls the way inwhich a lava body grows, extends and expands, influencing its dimensional properties. Calculation of lava flow volume from thermal images collected by helicopter surveys has been largely used during the last decade for monitoring subaerial effusive eruptions. However, due to the depths where volcanic activity occurs, monitoring submarine volcanic eruptions is a very difficult task. The 2011–2012 submarine volcanic eruption at El Hierro, Canary Islands, has provided a unique and excellent opportunity to monitor eruptive processes occurring on the seabed. The use of a hand-held thermal camera during daily helicopter flights allowed us to estimate for the first time the daily and total erupted magma volumes from a submarine eruption. The volume of magma emitted during this eruption has been estimated at 300 Mm3, giving an average effusion rate of ~25 m3 s−1. Thermal imagery by helicopter proved to be a fast, inexpensive, safe and reliable technique of monitoring volcanic eruptions when they occur on the shallow seabed.This research was financially supported by the projects MAKAVOL (MAC/3/C161) from the European Union MAC 2007–2013 Transnational Cooperation Program as well as from the Cabildo Insular de Tenerife. We are also grateful to the staff of El Hierro airport (AENA) for providing logistical support.Published219-2255V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenzeJCR Journalrestricte

Exceptional eruptive CO2 emissions from intra-plate alkaline magmatism in the Canary volcanic archipelago

Alkaline mafic magmas forming intra-plate oceanic islands are believed to be strongly enriched in CO2 due to low-degree partial melting of enriched mantle sources. However, until now, such CO2 enhancement has not been verified by measuring CO2 degassing during a subaerial eruption. Here, we provide evidence of highly CO2-rich gas emissions during the 86-day 2021 Tajogaite eruption of Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma Island, in the Canary archipelago. Our results reveal sustained high plume CO2/SO2 ratios, which, when combined with SO2 fluxes, melt inclusion volatile contents and magma production rates at explosive and effusive vents, imply a magmatic CO2 content of 4.5 ± 1.5 wt%. The amount of CO2 released during the 2021 eruptive activity was 28 ± 14 Mt CO2. Extrapolating to the volume of alkaline mafic magmas forming La Palma alone (estimated as 4000 km3 erupted over 11 Ma), we infer a maximum CO2 emission into the ocean and atmosphere of 1016 moles of CO2, equivalent to 20% of the eruptive CO2 emissions from a large igneous province eruption, suggesting that the formation of the Canary volcanic archipelago produced a CO2 emission of similar magnitude as a large igneous province

Estudio sobre la integración en aula específica, de un IES, de alumnado diagnosticado como negativista desafiante y su posible inclusión en aula ordinaria

It is known that, nowadays, with the arrival of the inclusive school, in our classrooms we find a greater functional diversity in the students than in the past, diversity that is not always known and accepted within normality. The present investigation, based on the real experience, has as objective the integration in an IES of specific classroom of students affected by serious behavior disorders, such as the defiant negativist disorder, for its later inclusion in the ordinary classroom, in principle, under supervision. The sample consists of 5 subjects whose ages range between 13 and 15 years, who, due to serious alterations in their behavior, can not have full-time schooling in the ordinary classroom. Three of these students are enrolled in 1st of Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) and 2 of them in 2nd. The serious behavioral problems led to the application of a behavior modification program and a cognitive restructuring and a self-control training.Es sabido que, en la actualidad, con la llegada de la escuela inclusiva, en nuestras aulas nosencontramos con una mayor diversidad funcional en el alumnado que en tiempos pasados, diversidad que no siempre es conocida y aceptada dentro de la normalidad. La presente investigación, basada en la experiencia real, tiene como objetivo la integración en un IES de un aula específica de alumnado afectado de trastornos graves de conducta, como es el trastorno negativista desafiante, para su posterior inclusión en el aula ordinaria, en principio, bajo supervisión. La muestra consta de 5 sujetos cuyas edades oscilan entre los 13 y 15 años, que por presentar graves alteraciones en su conducta no pueden tener una escolarización a tiempo completo en el aula ordinaria. Tres de estos alumnos, estan matriculados en 1º de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y 2 de ellos en 2º. Los graves problemas de conducta llevaron a la aplicación de un programa de modificación de conducta cognitivo conductual, a una reestructuración cognitiva y a un entrenamiento en autocontrol