Urinary incontinence in women

Urinarna inkontinencija definira se kao nevoljno otjecanje mokraće i predstavlja zdravstveni, higijenski i socijalni problem. Raspon tegoba je raznolik, od vrlo oskudnog i povremenog nevoljnog gubitka mokraće do potpune nemogućnosti kontrole mikcije. Stresna inkontinencija uz urgentnu te mješovitu najčešći su tipovi urinarne inkontinencije u žena. U članku su prikazane osnove dijagnostike i liječenja urinarne inkontinencije u žena. Urinarna inkontinencija predstavlja značajan zdravstveni problem brojnim našim pacijenticama, koji je još uvijek prečesto zapostavljen. Pacijentice se ustručavaju same prve postaviti pitanje i zatražiti medicinsku pomoć, najčešće zbog osjećaja srama, straha od stigmatizacije i neinformiranosti o mogućnostima liječenja.Urinary incontinence is defined asinvoluntary leakage of urine and represents medical, hygienic, social problem. Symptoms range from occasional discreate urinary incontinence to compleate inability to control micturition. Stress urinary incontinence along with urge and mixed are the most common types of urinary incontinence in women. Urinary incontinence represent significant yet underdiagnosed and underreported health problem to huge number of our patients which are still reluctant to seak professional medical treatment due to embarrassment, fear of stigmatisation and unawareness of therapy options

Women Pluractive out of the Farm

Autori pokazuju da je feminizacija poljoprivrede rezultat potražnje za muškom radnom snagom u vrijeme intenzivnog industrijskog razvoja socijalističke Jugoslavije. Tako, na 1373 seljačka gospodarstva istražena u SR Sloveniji bilo je 63,7% zaposlenih poljoprivrednika i 27,8% zaposlenih poljoprivrednika. Među motivima za zapošljavanjem izvan gospodarstva pretežu oni koji se odnose na socijalnu sigurnost među kojima su dostatan i redoviti dohodak najčešće bili spomenuti. Rjeđe je kao razlog spominjana mala šansa za veći dohodak od bavljenja poljoprivredom u budućnosti, dok se motivi objektivne prirode kao što su mali posjed i nepovoljni prirodni uvjeti za privređivanje na gospodarstvu pojavljuju kao manje važni. I kao najmanje važan motiv za zapošljavanje izvan gospodarstva su vrijednosti vezane uz rad na gospodarstvu, odosno izvan njega među kojima su spomenuti radno vrijeme i fizički naporan rad. Pokazalo se da nema značajnih razlika između žena i muškaraca u individualnim motivima za zapošljavanje izvan gospodarstva kad bi bili povoljniji uvjeti za rad i dohodak u poljoprivredi, tako da vjerojatno broj zaposlenih žena izvan gospodarstva neće porasti u budućnosti. S druge strane, za očekivati je da će zaposlene žene u Sloveniji i nadalje ostajati na gospodarstvu i da će u slučaju ekonomske nužde i/ilii nekih drugih osobnih potreba pokušati naći rješenja unutar vlastitog gospodarstva.The authors argue that the feminization of agriculture is mostly due to the demand of male labour in the course of intensive industrial development of socialist Yugoslavia. Thus, on the 1373 farm households examined in Socialist Republic of Slovenia, there have been employed 63.7 per cent of farmers and only 27.8 per cent of farm women. Among the motives for the employment off the farm prevail those of social security, among which reliable and regular income was the most frequently mentioned. The lack of good chances in the future for a better income from agriculture were mentioned the least frequently, while motives of objective nature, such as small holding and unfavorable natural condition for farming, appear to be less important. The least important motives for holding a job are values related to the farm and non-farm work, among which defined working hours and physically harder work on farms were mentioned. There have been found no essential differences among men and women related to the importance of individual motives for the imployment off of the farm. However, there is almost always the higher number of farmers than farm women who named explicitly economic motives. As almost three quarters of farmers and farm women employed are ready to give up their job for the sake of farming under more favourable conditions, it is likely that in the future the number of farm women employed off the farm will not encrease. On the contrary, it is to be expenced that Slovenian farm women will remain on the farm, and in the case of economic necessity or some personal motives will search for solutions within the frame of their farm households

NERVE SPARING« RADICAL HYSTERECTOMY – PREVENTION OF POST-OPERATIVE URINARY TRACT DYSFUNCTION

Background. Radical hysterectomy is performed on woman with cervical cancer or endometrial cancer that has spread to the cervix. Aims. To find whether our modified radical hysterectomy represents nerve sparing. Methods. In 28 patients, modified radical hysterectomy was applied (study group) and the width of the parametria and vaginal cuff were measured. Using a point-counting technique, nerve areal density was determined in cross sections of resected parametria at 0.5 cm (A), 1 cm (B), and 1.5 cm (C) from the cervix. The results were compared with 26 control patients who underwent classic radical hysterectomy. In the study group urodynamic measurements were performed after operation, and correlations with histologic data were calculated. The survival rates and adjuvant treatment were compared between the groups. Results. Adjuvant treatment was given to 53.57 % in the study and 65.38 % of patients in the control group (P > 0.3). The survival rate after 3 years was 92.85 % in the study and 84.61 % in the control group after more than 5 years. The width of the resected parametria was smaller in the study (mean: right 15.50 mm, left 15.71 mm) compared with the control group (mean: right 22.69 mm; P < 0.013; left 22.96 mm; P < 0.011). The nerve areal density in the lateral part of the right parametrium (C right 6.2 %) was lower in the study than in the control group (C right 9.7 %; P < 0.01). There were several correlations between parametrial width, nerve areal density and urodynamic parameters. Conclusions. Modified radical hysterectomy is less radical, and apparently also nerve sparing. It does not influence survival rates and does not impair the urinary tract function

Effectiveness of magnetic stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is becoming an increasingly common health problem. UI treatment can be conservative or surgical. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of magnetic stimulation (MS) in the treatment of UI. We performed a systematic review in order to combine and compare results with results from our clinical study. A clinical prospective non-randomized study was carried out at the Ljubljana University Medical Center’s Gynecology Division. It included 82 randomly selected female patients, irrespective of their UI type. The success rate of using MS in treating UI was based on standardized ICIQ-UI SF questionnaires. Patients completed 10 therapy sessions on MS, and follow-up was performed 3 months after the last therapy session. UI improved after treatment with MS. The ICIQ-UI SF score improved in patients regardless of the type of UI. However, the greatest decrease in post-treatment assessment ICIQ-UI SF scores was seen in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Based on the findings described above, it can be concluded that MS is a successful non-invasive conservative method for treating UI. Future studies are necessary, all of which should include a large sample size, a control group, an optimal research protocol, pre-treatment analyses, standardization, and longer follow-ups

Women Pluractive out of the Farm

Autori pokazuju da je feminizacija poljoprivrede rezultat potražnje za muškom radnom snagom u vrijeme intenzivnog industrijskog razvoja socijalističke Jugoslavije. Tako, na 1373 seljačka gospodarstva istražena u SR Sloveniji bilo je 63,7% zaposlenih poljoprivrednika i 27,8% zaposlenih poljoprivrednika. Među motivima za zapošljavanjem izvan gospodarstva pretežu oni koji se odnose na socijalnu sigurnost među kojima su dostatan i redoviti dohodak najčešće bili spomenuti. Rjeđe je kao razlog spominjana mala šansa za veći dohodak od bavljenja poljoprivredom u budućnosti, dok se motivi objektivne prirode kao što su mali posjed i nepovoljni prirodni uvjeti za privređivanje na gospodarstvu pojavljuju kao manje važni. I kao najmanje važan motiv za zapošljavanje izvan gospodarstva su vrijednosti vezane uz rad na gospodarstvu, odosno izvan njega među kojima su spomenuti radno vrijeme i fizički naporan rad. Pokazalo se da nema značajnih razlika između žena i muškaraca u individualnim motivima za zapošljavanje izvan gospodarstva kad bi bili povoljniji uvjeti za rad i dohodak u poljoprivredi, tako da vjerojatno broj zaposlenih žena izvan gospodarstva neće porasti u budućnosti. S druge strane, za očekivati je da će zaposlene žene u Sloveniji i nadalje ostajati na gospodarstvu i da će u slučaju ekonomske nužde i/ilii nekih drugih osobnih potreba pokušati naći rješenja unutar vlastitog gospodarstva.The authors argue that the feminization of agriculture is mostly due to the demand of male labour in the course of intensive industrial development of socialist Yugoslavia. Thus, on the 1373 farm households examined in Socialist Republic of Slovenia, there have been employed 63.7 per cent of farmers and only 27.8 per cent of farm women. Among the motives for the employment off the farm prevail those of social security, among which reliable and regular income was the most frequently mentioned. The lack of good chances in the future for a better income from agriculture were mentioned the least frequently, while motives of objective nature, such as small holding and unfavorable natural condition for farming, appear to be less important. The least important motives for holding a job are values related to the farm and non-farm work, among which defined working hours and physically harder work on farms were mentioned. There have been found no essential differences among men and women related to the importance of individual motives for the imployment off of the farm. However, there is almost always the higher number of farmers than farm women who named explicitly economic motives. As almost three quarters of farmers and farm women employed are ready to give up their job for the sake of farming under more favourable conditions, it is likely that in the future the number of farm women employed off the farm will not encrease. On the contrary, it is to be expenced that Slovenian farm women will remain on the farm, and in the case of economic necessity or some personal motives will search for solutions within the frame of their farm households

Strokovna stališča Slovenskega združenja za reproduktivno medicino (SZRM) o menopavzni medicini

Obravnava žensk v obdobju predmenopavze, ob menopavzi in kasneje se je v novem tisočletju pomembno spremenila. Randomizirane klinične raziskave so bistveno omejile indikacije za uvedbo hormonskega zdravljenja (HZ) in s tem menopavzno medicino postavile pred velik izziv. Na srečo so najnovejša dognanja potrdila, da je ob pravilni uporabi in izbiri HZ korist še vedno bistveno večja od tveganja. Zato smo pripravili posodobljena stališča o menopavzni medicini, ki so v skladu z aktualnimi mednarodnimi priporočili in prilagojena posebnostim slovenskega prostora