Digestibility and performance of juvenile Nile tilapia fed with diets containing forage palm

O suprimento das necessidades nutricionais de forma econômica é essencial para o sucesso de qualquer produção animal. A palma forrageira é uma cactácea bem adaptada as regiões semi-áridas, sendo comumente utilizada na alimentação de ruminantes, entretanto estudos com peixes são escassos. Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade de farelos de cinco cultivares de palma forrageira (Opuntia fícus) para juvenis de tilápia nilótica e posteriormente o desempenho dos juvenis recebendo níveis crescentes da cultivar com melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta (CDAPB) (75,2%). No experimento de digestibilidade foram utilizados 90 juvenis de tilápia nilótica masculinizadas (com peso médio de 6,02 ± 0,65 g), para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDAMS), energia bruta (CDAEB) e proteína bruta dos cultivares (Orelha de onça, Miúda, Gigante, Comum e IPA 20). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. No experimento de desempenho 300 juvenis de tilápia nilótica masculinizados (peso médio de 1,39 ± 0,12 g) receberam rações com diferentes níveis de inclusão (0, 72, 144 e 216 g Kg-1) do farelo de palma-cultivar IPA 20, em um DIC com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) para o CDAMS e o CDAPB entre os tratamentos. As cultivares que apresentaram maiores CDAMS foram a IPA 20 (41,75%), Orelha de onça (36,41%) e Gigante (32,59%). Para o CDAPB a melhor cultivar foi a IPA 20, com 75,2%, seguida da Orelha de onça (61,5%) e Miúda (56,1%). Quanto ao desempenho, a inclusão do farelo de palmacultivar IPA 20 na proporção de 113 g kg-1 promove os melhores valores de ganho de peso e de peso final para juvenis de tilápia nilótica.Supplying the nutritional needs of animals in an economical way is essential to the success of any type of production. The forage palm is a cactaceae well-adapted to semiarid regions and commonly used in the feeding of ruminants. However, studies assessing its use in fishes are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the digestibility of bran from five different forage palm cultivars (Opuntia fícus) in juvenile Nile tilapia and the development of juveniles when receiving increasing levels of the cultivar with the best apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein (ADCCP) (75.2%). We used 90 masculinized juvenile Nile tilapia (with an average weight of 6.02 ± 0.65 g) in the digestibility experiment to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (ADCDM), crude energy (ADCCP), and crude protein of the cultivars (Orelha de onça, Miúda, Gigante, Comum, and IPA 20). The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) with five treatments and three repetitions. In the development experiment, 300 masculinized juvenile Nile tilapia (with average weight of 1.39 ± 0.12 g) received feed with different inclusion levels (0, 72, 144, and 216 g Kg-1) of IPA 20 palm bran in a CRD with four treatments and five repetitions. We observed significant differences (P < 0.05) for ADCDM and ADCCP between the treatments. The cultivars that presented the highest ADCDM were IPA 20 (41.75%), Orelha de onça (36.41%), and Gigante (32.59%). For ADCCP, the best cultivar was IPA 20 with 75.2%, followed by Orelha de onça (61.5%), and Miúda (56.1%). As for the performance, the inclusion of IPA 20 palm bran at a rate of 113 g/kg-1 provided the best values in terms of weight gain and final weight in juvenile Nile tilapia

Clinical and Ultrasonographic Aspects of Benign and Malignant Mammary Tumors in Female Dogs

Background: Mammary neoplasms in dogs are commonly observed in veterinary clinical routine, most of which being malignant. Hormonal stimulation, endogenous or exogenous, may possibly influence its development. In addition to clinical evaluation, ultrasound analysis can provide information about the characteristics of breast lumps. The association between clinical-epidemiological and pathological data is important for diagnosis. Therefore, given the importance of this pathology for the health of affected dogs, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and ultrasound alterations, along with the factors associated with the development of benign and malignant mammary neoplasms in female dogs. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: We examined 47 samples from the mammary tumors of 35 female dogs at the Small Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Hospital (HV) of the Santa Cruz State University (UESC). The dogs underwent a complete clinical examination, with clinical staging, via TNM classification, followed by hematological, biochemical, radiological and ultrasound, abdominal, and breast exams. Breast ultrasound examination was used to evaluate the shape parameters such as, limits, margins or contour, ecotexture, echogenicity, hyperechoic halo, posterior acoustic shading, surrounding changes, and nodule components. These criteria were associated with the histopathological classification of neoplasms. Epidemiological data was studied through an adapted questionnaire containing information on risk factors associated with breast cancer. The same questionnaire was applied to tutors of 19, age-matched, female dogs with no history of breast cancer. The results revealed that most female dogs with neoplasia were over eight years of age, with no specific breed and were not castrated, and 31.4% of them had already been administered with contraceptives during the reproductive period. Ovariohysterectomy acted as a protective factor (OR 0.06) to the development of breast tumors, while contraceptive use was considered as a risk factor (OR 6.99). The average time reported between tumor perception and clinical care was 13.2 months. The caudal and inguinal abdominal breasts were the most affected. Among the samples evaluated, 76.6% were malignant, with mixed tumor carcinoma being the most frequent type and 69.4% graded in grade I. Nodules classified as malignant showed the largest diameter (P &lt; 0.05). Breast ultrasound results revealed that tumors with heterogeneous echotextures and mixed components were associated with malignancy (P &lt; 0.05). Discussion: The fact that the average age of female dogs with breast cancer was over eight years of age corroborates the literature. Considering that a greater age would mean a longer exposure to the carcinogenic initiators responsible for mutations, and to promoters, such as hormonal changes. Contraceptives increase the risk of breast lumps, while reduce that of ovariohysterectomy, in female dogs, even when performed after the second heat. The size of the nodules and ultrasound criteria related to echotexture and the type of component of the neoplasia may be used as prognostic parameters of female breast nodules. Additionally, most nodules evaluated in this study were malignant (mixed tumor carcinoma was the most common subtype), possibly due to the owners' delay in seeking veterinary care after tumor observation. Although malignant, most nodules presented with a low histopathological grading.Background: Mammary neoplasms in dogs are commonly observed in veterinary clinicalroutine, most of which being malignant. Hormonal stimulation, endogenous or exogenous,may possibly influence its development. In addition to clinical evaluation, ultrasound analysiscan provide information about the characteristics of breast lumps. The association betweenclinical-epidemiological and pathological data is important for diagnosis. Therefore, given theimportance of this pathology for the health of affected dogs, we aimed to evaluate the clinicaland ultrasound alterations, along with the factors associated with the development of benignand malignant mammary neoplasms in female dogs.Materials, Methods &amp;amp; Results: We examined 4