FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS IN FRESH BEE POLLEN

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of microscopic fungi and selected mycotoxins in fresh bee pollen, stored for different periods. In the study, 12 pollen samples collected from the same apiary families were investigated. The total count of microorganisms in the pollen during the study period varied from 2.9×103 to 4.4×103 cfu g-1. The moisture content of fresh pollen varied between 14.2 and 22.7%. During studies, the most prevalent fungal genera of Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Mucor and yeast were found in fresh bee pollen. The amounts of microscopic fungi increased from 2.9×103 to 4.4×103 cfu g-1 as the pollen storage time increased. The significantly higest amounts of fungal colonies was determined after 3 days storage of undried pollen. The most significant Fusarium spp. increase (14.9%) was determined after 2 days of storage. The highest levels of mycotoxins ZEN and DON were determined after 3 days of pollen storage. Fresh bee pollen chould be dried as quickly as possible, to reduce the levels of microbial contamination

Veiksniai, lemiantys mikromicetų gausą ir mikotoksinų gamybą grūduose iš ekologinių ir chemizuotų ūkių

In August–September 2003, samples of wheat and barley after harvest were randomly taken from 11 organic and 13 conventional farms in Lithuania. The results of mycological tests indicated that wheat from organic farms was contaminated with fungi by 70.5% (p 0.05) less as compared with wheat from conventional farms. Grains taken from both types of farms were contaminated with fungi from the Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and other genera. The most toxic fungi belong to the genera Fusarium and Alternaria. From wheat of organic farms 22 while from wheat of conventional farms 12 fungal species were isolated. Barley from organic farms 22 fungal species and from conventional farms 20 species. DON and ZEN were most frequent in grain from different farms. 100% of wheat samples from organic and conventional farms contain DON and ZEN. Small amounts of aflatoxins and ochratoxins, up to 0.8 and 0.3 µg kg-1 respectively, were found in samples of wheat from organic farms

Sandėliavimo sąlygų įtaka žiedadulkių užterštumui mikroskopinių grybų gaminamais toksinais

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti įvairios kilmės žiedadulkių sandėliavimo laikotarpių skirtingomis aplinkos temperatūromis įtaką jų užterštumui mikroskopiniais grybais ir jų gaminamais mikotoksinais. Mikroskopiniai grybai izoliuoti skiedimo metodu (kolonijas sudarantys vienetai, ksv g-1). Imunofermentinės analizės (ELISA) metodu nustatyta aflatoksino (AFL), ochratoksino A (OTA), deoksinivalenolio (DON), zearalenono (ZEN) ir T-2 toksino (T-2) kiekiai. Sandėliavimo metu išskirti toksinus produkuojantys grybai priklausė Penicillium, Fusarium ir Aspergillus gentims; užterštumas jais kito nuo 1 × 10 iki 3,5 × 103 ksv g-1. Penicillium, Fusarium ir Aspergillus grybų kiekis buvo mažiausias žiedadulkėse, sandėliuotose 1 mėnesį 8‒9° C temperatūroje – jis kito nuo 1 × 10 iki 2,1 × 103 ksv g-1. Didžiausias užterštumas grybais nustatytas po 4 mėnesių sandėliavimo 20‒22° C temperatūroje – jis buvo nuo 2 × 10 iki 3,5 × 103 ksv g-1. Žiedadulkių užterštumas AFL, OTA ir T-2 mikotoksinais visuose žiedadulkių mėginiuose buvo mažesnis už aptikimo ribą. Mikotoksinų ZEN ir DON po žiedadulkių sandėliavimo 1 mėnesį 8‒9° C temperatūroje nenustatyta. Didžiausia DON koncentracija (185 µg kg-1) nustatyta po žiedadulkių sandėliavimo 4 mėnesius 8‒9°C temperatūroje, didžiausia ZEN koncentracija (830 µg kg-1) ‒ po sandėliavimo 1 mėnesį 20‒22° C temperatūrojeThe aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of storage duration at different ambient temperatures on bee pollen contamination by microscopic fungi and their mycotoxins. The dilution plate technique was used for isolation of fungi from the samples. The contents of mycotoxins aflatoxin (AFL), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 toxin (T-2) were analysed by the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Toxin-producing fungi, belonged to Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium spp., isolated during bee pollen storage with a total amount varying from 1 × 10 to 3.5 × 103 cfu g-1. The amount of toxin-producing fungi was the lowest in the bee pollen stored for 1 month at 8‒9°C temperature: it varied from 1 × 10 to 2.1 × 103 cfu g-1. After 4 months of storage at 20‒22°C temperature, the highest contamination of bee pollen was found: it ranged from 2 × 10 to 3.5 × 103 cfu g-1. Contamination with toxins AFL, OTA and T-2 in all bee pollen samples was found to be below the limit of detection. Mycotoxins ZEN and DON after 1 month of storage at 8‒9°C temperature were not detected. The highest DON concentration (185 µg kg-1) was ascertained after 4 months of storage at 8‒9°C temperature; the highest ZEN concentration (830 µg kg-1) was found after 1month of storage at 20‒22°C temperatureAgronomijos fakultetasLietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas. Veterinarijos akademijaVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Veiksniai, lemiantys mikromicetų gausą ir mikotoksinų gamybą grūduose iš ekologinių ir chemizuotų ūkių

In August–September 2003, samples of wheat and barley after harvest were randomly taken from 11 organic and 13 conventional farms in Lithuania. The results of mycological tests indicated that wheat from organic farms was contaminated with fungi by 70.5% (p 0.05) less as compared with wheat from conventional farms. Grains taken from both types of farms were contaminated with fungi from the Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and other genera. The most toxic fungi belong to the genera Fusarium and Alternaria. From wheat of organic farms 22 while from wheat of conventional farms 12 fungal species were isolated. Barley from organic farms 22 fungal species and from conventional farms 20 species. DON and ZEN were most frequent in grain from different farms. 100% of wheat samples from organic and conventional farms contain DON and ZEN. Small amounts of aflatoxins and ochratoxins, up to 0.8 and 0.3 µg kg-1 respectively, were found in samples of wheat from organic farms

A FUSARIOTOXINS IN FEED OF DAIRY COWS AND CARRY-OVER TO MILK AND IMPACT ON RAW MILK QUALITATIVE INDICATORS

The research aims of this study were to determine and to evaluate the effect of feed contaminated with different concentrations of fusariotoxins (zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) on the quality of milk investigate concentration zearalenone in cow milk samples. Feed and milk samples were collected from dairy farms which were the high Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in milk. Feed samples were tested by TLC (Romer Labs methods). The zearalenone (ZEA) in the milk was measured by ELISA test, RIDASCREEN® Zearalenon (R-Biopharm AG). The milk qualitative indicators testing was conducted by public enterprise „Pieno tyrimai“ (Lithuania). From 12 dairy cow farms, which have high TBC and SCC, were selected feed samples for detection of fusariotoxins. Average ZEA concentration in feed was 496.25±51 µg/kg (p<0.05), DON average concentration in feed was 65.31±12 µg/kg (p<0.05). Higher amount TBC in milk samples were in those farms where was detection ZEA and DON concentration. As a result, we can assume that the higher TBC in milk samples than 221±20 thous. CFU/ml was find in farms where in feed samples was detected the higher ZEA concentration than 700±50 µg/kg (p<0.05). The highest levels than 650±42 of SCC in milk were found when the feed samples were contaminated ZEA - 700±50 µg/kg (p<0.05) and more. It can also be observed that the higher the ZEA concentration in the sample is, the higher the amount of SCC follows. Comparing concentration ZEA in feed and in milk established percent from 0.01 to 0.31 % (p<0.05). The highest levels of SCC and TBC were found in samples with high concentrations of ZEA. In 16 % milk samples we detected ZEA, concentration was from 0.08 µg/l to 0.4 µg/l. &nbsp

Fungi and mycotoxins in fresh bee pollen

Edited by prof. Asta RaupelienėThe aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of microscopic fungi and selected mycotoxins in fresh bee pollen, stored for different periods. In the study, 12 pollen samples collected from the same apiary families were investigated. The total count of microorganisms in the pollen during the study period varied from 2.9×103 to 4.4×103 cfu g-1. The moisture content of fresh pollen varied between 14.2 and 22.7%. During studies, the most prevalent fungal genera of Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Mucor and yeast were found in fresh bee pollen. The amounts of microscopic fungi increased from 2.9×103 to 4.4×103 cfu g-1 as the pollen storage time increased. The significantly higest amounts of fungal colonies was determined after 3 days storage of undried pollen. The most significant Fusarium spp. increase (14.9%) was determined after 2 days of storage. The highest levels of mycotoxins ZEN and DON were determined after 3 days of pollen storage. Fresh bee pollen chould be dried as quickly as possible, to reduce the levels of microbial contaminationAgronomijos fakultetasLietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas. Veterinarijos akademijaVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Effect of lactic acid and bioactive component mixtures on the quality of minced pork meat

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mixtures of lactic acid (LA), thymol (TH), linalool (LN) and dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on the quality of minced pork meat during 7 days of storage at +4 °C temperature. DHQ+LA+LN, DHQ+LA and LA exhibited the greatest antibacterial effect on the agar well diffusion assay and resulted in the best sensory evaluation. Samples treated with DHQ+LA had a statistically significant effect on the total bacterial count and showed the best antibacterial effect on the E. coli count. However, the reducing effect on the total amount of biogenic amines was not significant in all cases of treatment

Daigintų grūdų ir sėklų skirtų maistui užterštumas mikromicetais

Santr. anglBibliogr.: p. 18 (22 pavad.)Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Biofotoninės technologijos taikymas daigintų sėklų nukenksminimui

Fotosensibilizacija - tai nauja biofotoninė technologija, kurią sudaro dviejų netoksiškų komponentų (matomos šviesos ir organinio dažo) sąveika. Sąveikaujant šiems komponentams aktyvuojamos radikalinės reakcijos, sukeliančios lotalines pažaidas mikroorganizmuose ir įgalinančios pigiai, selektyviai ir be žalos aplinkai juos inaktyvuoti. Tai paskatino šią technologiją bandyti taikyti daigintų maistui sėklų mikrobiologiniam nukenksminimui. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Acremonium spp., Rhizopus spp., Fusarium spp. genties mikromicetai naudojant biofotoninę technologiją gali būti inaktyvuoti ant sėklų, skirtų daiginimui, tačiau kelios mikromicetų gentys (Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp..) nejautrios naudotam apdorojimo būduiPhotosensitization as a novel biophotonic technology is based on the interaction of two absolutely non-toxic agents - organic dye and visible light. This interaction produces radical reactions which are localized exactly in the target object - for instance, in microfiingi which must be destroyed in an ecologically friendly way. According to the data obtained, plethora of harmful micromycetes (Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Acremonium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Fusarium spp.) might be inactivated in seeds selected for germination. Only a few micromycetes (Altemaria spp., Cladosporium spp.) seemed unsusceptible to this treatmentVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Prevalence of Mycotoxins and Endotoxins in Total Mixed Rations and Different Types of Ensiled Forages for Dairy Cows in Lithuania

In this study, 119 samples of total mixed rations and different types of ensiled forage (maize and grass silage, and haylage) collected in 2019–2020 from dairy farms in Lithuania were analyzed to evaluate the quantitative occurrence of mycotoxins and endotoxins. Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescent (FLD) and an ultraviolet detector (UV) of mycotoxins and a detection assay based on the ELISA technology for endotoxins. The study included toxins regulated within the European Union (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin) and nonregulated toxins (endotoxins). Mycotoxin analysis showed that 49.58% of the samples out of 119 were positive for AFB1, 52.11% for ZEA and DON, 55.47% for T-2 toxin and 84.04% for endotoxins. In the contaminated samples, the highest mean values of AFB1 and T-2 toxin were determined in the grass silage samples, while ZEA and DON–were determined in the maize silage samples. Maize silage samples had the highest ZEA and DON concentrations, exceeding the EU maximum permissible concentration limits. In the haylage samples, AFB1 mycotoxin exceeded the maximum concentration limits. The highest mean value of endotoxins was determined in the total mixed rations samples. This is the first study to provide information about the concentrations of mycotoxins and endotoxins in total mixed rations and different types of ensiled forages for dairy cows in Lithuania