STABILITY INDICATING RP HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ARMODAFINIL IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Objective: To develop simple reverse phase HPLC method for the estimation of Armodafinil in tablet dosage form. Methods: Chromatography was performed by isocratic elution on a Stainless steel Hibar C18 column with dimensions 4.6 x 250 mm, packed with octadecylsilane bonded to porous silica (C18) with particle size 5 micron. Acetonitrile and water in the ratio of 50:50 v/v is used as mobile phase. The flow rate is 1.0 ml/ min and effluent is monitored at 220 nm. Armodafinil was eluted at a retention time of 3.8 minutes. Results: The standard curve of Armodafinil was linear over a working range of 1–700 µg/ml and gave an average correlation coefficient of 0.999. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the drug is 0.1 µg/ ml. Recovery studies were carried out by standard addition method and the recoveries are found satisfactory within the range of 99.3 to 101.5 %. The method is precise with % RSD below Conclusion: The method is validated in terms of robustness and forced degradation studies were carried out and this method can be applied for routine degradation studies ans quantification in regular laboratories

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取得学位：博士(学術)，学位授与番号：博甲第521号，学位授与年月日：平成14年9月30日,学位授与年：200

Education, Health and Employment in Pakistan: A Co-integration Analysis

Education and health both are essentials for development strategy of any economy. They also play vital role in enhancing productivity, economic growth and employment level. By providing equal opportunities of education and health to all citizens of any nation, all types of disparities can be eliminated. Considering the importance, the present study highlights some of the significant features of education and health in advancing employment level in the long run as well as in the short run. The analysis also incorporates the causality investigations based on VAR and VECM. Keeping in mind, the research uses time series data for the period from 1972 to 2010. With the aim of long run and short run estimates, we have taken Johansen Co-integration test and Vector Error Correction model respectively. The long run results exhibit that educational expenditure, total enrollment, number of hospitals, health expenditure and gross fixed capital formation are momentous features in magnifying employment level in Pakistan. Speed of adjustment term suggests that short run variables are converging towards long run equilibrium by taking 7 percent annually adjustments. At the end, it is suggested that there should be more expenditure on education to promote enrollment at primary and professional levels by offering scholarships to students. For better health and education, Govt. should augment health expenditure as well. Keywords: Educational Expenditure, Total Enrollment, Number of Hospital, Health Expenditure, Employment, Co-integration analysis, VAR & VECM based Causality

Prescription pattern of NSAIDS and the prevalence of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal risk factors of orthopaedic patients

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly used medications in the world. NSAID-induced adverse reactions involve upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract complications, which can be life-threatening. Objectives: The study was conducted to explore the current prescription pattern of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the prevalence of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal(GI) risk factors of orthopedic adult inpatient.Materials and methods: A prospective observational NSAIDs induced GI risk related study was conducted over a period of 6 months by clinical pharmacist. Study cohort included 105 orthopaedic inpatients who are taking or will be taking NSAIDs for more than a week. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by each patient. A simplified risk scoring scale (the Standardized Calculator of Risk for Events; SCORE) was used to measure patients‟ risk for GI complications. The pattern of NSAIDs prescription was identified from medical recordings.Results: The study groups were stratified into four risk groups according to GI SCORE tool, 27.6% of the patients belonged to high risk or very high risk groups for GI complications. Analysis of prescription pattern revealed that 11.4% of the patients aged over 65 yr, 19% with co morbid disease were prescribed with COX-2 selective inhibitor. Conclusion: In this study assessment of prescription pattern and GI risk factors for NSAIDs were evaluated and in conclusion, physician‟s considerate prescription of NSAIDs with well-understanding of each patient‟s GI risk factors is strongly encouraged to prevent serious GI complication

The contribution of low affinity NGF receptor (p75NGFR) to delayed neuronal death after ischemia in the gerbil hippocampus.

The implication of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR), which is believed to play a pro-apoptotic role, in delayed neuronal death (DND) after ischemia in the gerbil hippocampus was investigated. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis revealed that the presence of p75 NGFR immunoreactivity (IR) was negligible in the hippocampus of the sham control gerbil but appeared clearly in CA1 neurons 3 and 4 days after 5-min transient ischemia. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive nuclei appeared when the level of p75NGFR IR increased. Furthermore, almost all TUNEL-positive CA1 neurons also costained for p75NGFR. These results suggest that p75NGFR contributes to DND after ischemia by an apoptotic mechanism.</p

Tool wear mechanisms during cutting of soda lime glass

Soda lime glass milling has high performance application. It is a challenging task to achieve fracture free surface on this material due to its brittle nature. High-speed end milling is capable to achieve ductile mode in an enhance flexibility. In this research, end milling of soda lime using uncoated carbide tool was performed where spindle speed varied from 20,000 to 40,000 rpm, cutting depth from 10 to 30 μm and feed rate from 5 to 20 mm/min in dry condition. The effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut) on tool flank wear as well as wear mechanisms of tool flank investigated. Investigation showed that feed per edge has most influencing effect followed by cutting speed and depth of cut on flank wear and the main wear mechanism is abrasion wear. In some cases, oxidation, thermal diffusion and recast layer on tool flank also observed

Morpho-Physiological Mechanisms of Maize for Drought Tolerance

Maize is one of the mostly consumed grains in the world. It possesses a greater potentiality of being an alternative to rice and wheat in the near future. In field condition, maize encounters abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, water logging, cold, heat, etc. Physiology and production of maize are largely affected by drought. Drought has become a prime cause of agricultural disaster because of the major occurrence records of the last few decades. It leads to immense losses in plant growth (plant height and stem), water relations (relative water content), gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate), and nutrient levels in maize. To mitigate the effect of stress, plant retreats by using multiple morphological, molecular, and physiological mechanisms. Maize alters its physiological processes like photosynthesis, oxidoreductase activities, carbohydrate metabolism, nutrient metabolism, and other drought-responsive pathways in response to drought. Synthesis of some chemicals like proline, abscisic acid (ABA), different phenolic compounds, etc. helps to fight against stress. Inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can result to the gene expression involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid which also helps to resist drought. Moreover, adaptation to drought and heat stress is positively influenced by the activity of chaperone proteins and proteases, protein that responds to ethylene and ripening. Some modifications generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 are able to improve maize yield in drought. Forward and reverse genetics and functional and comparative genomics are being implemented now to overcome stress conditions like drought. Maize response to drought is a multifarious physiological and biochemical process. Applying data synthesis approach, this study aims toward better demonstration of its consequences to provide critical information on maize tolerance along with minimizing yield loss

Methodology for the conversion of tetramates to pyroglutamates, and a study of their biological activity

Highly functionalised pyroglutamates, molecules of interest for their biological uses and applications, are readily accessible from a bicyclic tetramic acid as a substrate for functionalisation at C3 and C4 of tetramic acid ring. These molecules have structural features common to pyroglutamate and pyrrolinone-containing natural products and this thesis particularly focuses on the development of novel routes to 3-substituted and 3,4-disubstituted pyroglutamic acid derivatives. Chapter 1 represents an overview of antibacterial drug discovery and the need for the development of new antibiotics. It describes the importance of the pyroglutamate building block in natural product-inspired drug discovery. Preparation and application of 3-substituted pyroglutamate, pyrrolidinone, and pyroglutaminol derivatives have been extensively reviewed. Representative examples of lactam-derived natural products and their biological properties are also outlined. Chapter 2 describes the synthetic strategy for the conversion of tetramates to pyrrolinones that allows stereospecific C3 arylation via Suzuki coupling. Conformationally constrained 3-aryl pyrrolidinone and pyroglutaminol derivatives are efficiently achievable from these newly developed 3-arylpyrrolinones under hydrogenation and N,O-acetal deprotection conditions, respectively. These synthetic routes permit the preparation of a large library of pyroglutamate derivatives. Alternatively, attempted Reformatsky conjugate addition conditions were unsuccessful for the C3 functionalisation of enones. Chapter 3 effectively utilises the methodology developed in Chapter 2, for the synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolinone and pyroglutamate derivatives. The use of an ethyl ester bicyclic tetramate or Weinreb amide did not work for the mesylation step as these tricarbonyls act as only a weak nucleophile and hence, further C4 functionalisation was thwarted. Chapter 4 demonstrates a novel approach for the synthesis of bicyclic tetramic acids in a low-cost strategy using 2-methylpropanal as condensing reagent. The obtained tetramic acids are useful for a number of chemical transformations described in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. The synthesised compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant pathogens and disappointingly, all of them showed very little or no activity.</p

Interrelationship of farmers’ knowledge, attitude, ease of use of technology, motivation and work performance in fertilizer application on rice in Bangladesh

An enormous potential exists for increases in rice yield in Bangladesh. However, inefficient and imbalanced fertilizer use often impedes farmers from achieving expected yields. Farmers have resorted to applying fertilizers at inappropriate rates that do not match well with the nutrient requirement of certain crops. It is evident from past research that a majority of farmers hardly use the recommended rates for fertilizers. Therefore, this study aims to: (i) assess the level of knowledge, attitude, ease of use of technology, and motivation of farmers in fertilizer application on rice, (ii) determine the level of farmers’ work performance in fertilizer application on rice, (iii) explore the relationships between knowledge, attitude, ease of use of technology and motivation of farmers with their wok performance in fertilizer application on rice, and (iv) investigate the contribution of knowledge, attitude, ease of use of technology and motivation of farmers to their work performance in fertilizer application on rice. The work performance theory, the Ability, Motivation, and Opportunity (AMO) model, and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) were used to develop the theoretical foundation for this work performance study. Besides, hypotheses were developed in light of these theories and the empirical findings of previous similar studies. This research used a multistage sampling method to reach farmers from twenty one (21) rice production areas in Bangladesh. From a total of 3762 farmers, 355 rice farmers were selected using the simple random technique as sample for the study. A structured questionnaire was adapted to collect data from the respondents. A five (5) point Likert scale was used to measure the dependent as well as independent variables. Data were subjected to descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation) to describe the level of selected variables. The Pearson correlation analysis was measured to explain the relationships between knowledge, attitude, ease of use of technology and motivation of farmers with their work performance in fertilizer application on rice. A multiple linear regression analysis was deployed to identify the highest contributing factors towards farmers’ work performance in fertilizer application on rice. Results revealed that most of the farmers sampled had a moderate level of knowledge, favorable attitude, moderate level of ease of use of technology and a moderate level of motivation in fertilizer application on rice. About 45.9% of the farmers had a high level of work performance in fertilizer application. Knowledge, attitude, ease of use of technology and motivation of farmers had significant positive relationships with their work performance in fertilizer application on rice. Moreover, knowledge and motivation were found to be strongly related to farmers’ work performance in fertilizer application, while ease of use of technology and attitude showed moderate and low relationship, respectively. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that knowledge, ease of use of technology and motivation of farmers significantly contributed to their work performance, while attitude insignificantly contributed to their work performance in fertilizer application. All the variables explained 56.1% of the variance in farmers’ work performance in fertilizer application on rice. Motivation of farmers was found to be the highest contributing factor followed by knowledge and ease of use of technology influencing farmers’ work performance in fertilizer application on rice. Since majority of the farmers had a high level of work performance, the study concludes that there is still ample scope to improve the rest of farmers’ work performance in fertilizer application to attain higher production of rice. Besides, knowledge, ease of use of technology, and motivation of farmers were found significant to their work performance. Therefore, these factors should be paid greater attention to improve the farmers’ work performance in fertilizer application. The study recommended that the findings could be used as a reference for similar research in future. Moreover, the study findings will serve as a basis for formulating essential policies and procedures for field extension, supervision, guidance, counselling and training of farmers. This will in turn help inspire and ensure improvements in work performance, specifically towards the application of fertilizer on rice among other farmers in Bangladesh. Additionally, the findings can help the relevant authorities like the Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) and Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI) of Bangladesh to initiate more institutional approaches to equip farmers with the essential knowledge and motivation needed to strengthen their work performance as this will subsequently increase rice production