65 research outputs found

    The Effect of Information Quality Evaluation on Selective Exposure in Informational Cognitive Dissonance: The Role of Information Novelty

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    In fictional decision-making, research on selective exposure (the tendency to expose oneself to consistent information and avoid inconsistent information, Festinger, 1957) shows that this phenomenon may be partly due to a biased evaluation quality of information. The present study seeks to establish whether this biased evaluation also occurs with informational dissonance (Vaidis and Gosling, 2011). More specifically, we examined (1) whether an individual’s attitude or behavior may be biased by information perception; and (2) whether this phenomenon was related to the perception of the information’s novelty. In two successive studies, participants evaluated the quality and the novelty of information and their desire to expose themselves to it. The information in the texts dealt with the effects of passive smoking, alcohol, and electromagnetic waves (Study 1) and GMOs (Study 2). For each of these topics, one text emphasized their harmlessness (tobacco and electromagnetic waves) or the positive effects (alcohol and GMOs), whereas the second presented the negative effects on health. The hypotheses were tested using moderated mediation models. The results differed according to the subjects addressed and the novelty of the information submitted. Among several possible explanations for the findings, we suggest that the valence of the texts on items considered harmful for health plays a role

    Increased serum levels of fractalkine and mobilisation of CD34+CD45− endothelial progenitor cells in systemic sclerosis

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    International audienceBackground: The disruption of endothelial homeostasis is a major determinant in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is reflected by soluble and cellular markers of activation, injury and repair. We aimed to provide a combined assessment of endothelial markers to delineate specific profiles associated with SSc disease and its severity

    Measurements of the leptonic branching fractions of the τ\tau

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    Data collected with the DELPHI detector from 1993 to 1995 combined with previous DELPHI results for data from 1991 and 1992 yield the branching fractions B({\tau \rightarrow \mbox{\rm e} \nu \bar{\nu}}) = (17.877 \pm 0.109_{stat} \pm 0.110_{sys} )\% and B(τ→ΌΜΜˉ)=(17.325±0.095stat±0.077sys)%B({\tau \rightarrow \mu \nu \bar{\nu}}) = (17.325 \pm 0.095_{stat} \pm 0.077_{sys} )\%

    Measurement of the gluon fragmentation function and a comparison of the scaling violation in gluon and quark jets

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    Selective exposure and smoking prevention : contribution of an implicit measure of attitude for the renewal of the paradigm of selective exposure

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    Les campagnes de prĂ©vention reposent sur le postulat que l’individu prend connaissance des messages qui lui sont proposĂ©s. Or, l’un des moyens les plus simples pour rĂ©sister Ă  la persuasion est de ne pas s’y confronter. A suivre la thĂ©orie de la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957), les individus ont tendance Ă  s’exposer aux informations en accord avec leurs opinions et Ă  Ă©viter celles susceptibles de les remettre en cause. Les recherches menĂ©es dans ce domaine ne permettent pas de mettre systĂ©matiquement en Ă©vidence un Ă©vitement de l’information inconsistante avec les comportements et/ou les attitudes. Une premiĂšre explication relĂšve de problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental classiquement utilisĂ© (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Ainsi, utiliser des mesures discrĂštes (Olson & Zanna,1979) et commencer par mesurer l’exposition avant l’attitude semble permettre la manifestation de l’effet (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). Une seconde explicitation tient dans la maniĂšre dont est mesurĂ©e l’exposition Ă  l’information. Il semble nĂ©cessaire que l’individu soit rĂ©ellement confrontĂ© Ă  l’information (ou pense l’ĂȘtre) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Une troisiĂšme explication renvoie Ă  la mesure de l’attitude. Dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental traditionnellement utilisĂ©, l’exposition sĂ©lective est Ă©tudiĂ©e au regard d’un comportement et/ou d’une attitude auto-rapportĂ©e. Or, d’une part un comportement n’est pas forcĂ©ment consistant avec une attitude, et, d’autre part, les mesures explicites de l’attitude sont limitĂ©es par la dĂ©sirabilitĂ© sociale et les facultĂ©s rĂ©duites d’introspection. L’objectif majeur de cette thĂšse consiste en la conception de protocoles expĂ©rimentaux permettant de mettre en Ă©vidence de l’exposition sĂ©lective envers l’information de prĂ©vention du tabagisme. Dans cet objectif, un outil de mesure implicite de l’attitude (Single Category Association Test Personalized, SC-IAT-P, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, en rĂ©vision) a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cialement dĂ©veloppĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus attestent de l’utilitĂ© d’une telle mesure dans la mise en Ă©vidence du phĂ©nomĂšne d’exposition sĂ©lective. Ils soulignent Ă©galement, comme facteur de son Ă©mergence, l’engagement des individus dans leur comportement. De plus, concernant le tabagisme, seule la mesure implicite de l’attitude permet de prĂ©dire d’une part, un changement de comportement et, d’autre part, une exposition Ă  l’information de prĂ©vention.Preventive campaigns are based on the assumption that individual deals with this type of persuasive messages. However, one of the easiest ways to resist to the persuasion is to avoid these messages. According with the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), individuals tend to expose themselves to information in accordance with their opinions and avoid all those likely to challenge them. The results of various experiments in this area do not permit to identify a systematic avoidance of information inconsistent with the attitudes of individuals. A first explanation is methodological problems in the traditional experimental paradigm used (Brock and Balloun, 1967). Thus, the use of discrete measures (Olson & Zanna, 1979) and to begin the experimentation by measuring exposure before the attitude seems to produce results more in line with the postulates of the theory (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). A second explanation could be the measurement of the exposure to information. It seems necessary that the individual should be actually confronted with the information (or thinks he will be) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). A third explanation could be the use of self-reported measures of attitude and/or behavior. However, on the one hand, the behavior of an individual is not necessarily consistent with his attitude, and, secondly, explicit measures of attitude are limited by social desirability as well as reduced capacity of introspection from individuals. The main goal of this thesis is to design an experimental protocol for studying the phenomenon of selective exposure especially toward smoking. To this aim, a test to measure implicit attitudes (Single Category Implicit Association Test Personalized, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, under review) has been specially developed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of this measure in the highlighting of selective exposure. It also points out the commitment of individuals in their behavior as a factor in its emergence. Furthermore, smoking, only the measure of implicit attitude predicts a behavioral change and an exposure to preventive information

    Exposition sélective et prévention du tabagisme (apport d'une mesure d'attitude implicite dans le renouvellement du paradigme expérimental)

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    Les campagnes de prĂ©vention reposent sur le postulat que l individu prend connaissance des messages qui lui sont proposĂ©s. Or, l un des moyens les plus simples pour rĂ©sister Ă  la persuasion est de ne pas s y confronter. A suivre la thĂ©orie de la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957), les individus ont tendance Ă  s exposer aux informations en accord avec leurs opinions et Ă  Ă©viter celles susceptibles de les remettre en cause. Les recherches menĂ©es dans ce domaine ne permettent pas de mettre systĂ©matiquement en Ă©vidence un Ă©vitement de l information inconsistante avec les comportements et/ou les attitudes. Une premiĂšre explication relĂšve de problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental classiquement utilisĂ© (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Ainsi, utiliser des mesures discrĂštes (Olson & Zanna,1979) et commencer par mesurer l exposition avant l attitude semble permettre la manifestation de l effet (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). Une seconde explicitation tient dans la maniĂšre dont est mesurĂ©e l exposition Ă  l information. Il semble nĂ©cessaire que l individu soit rĂ©ellement confrontĂ© Ă  l information (ou pense l ĂȘtre) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Une troisiĂšme explication renvoie Ă  la mesure de l attitude. Dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental traditionnellement utilisĂ©, l exposition sĂ©lective est Ă©tudiĂ©e au regard d un comportement et/ou d une attitude auto-rapportĂ©e. Or, d une part un comportement n est pas forcĂ©ment consistant avec une attitude, et, d autre part, les mesures explicites de l attitude sont limitĂ©es par la dĂ©sirabilitĂ© sociale et les facultĂ©s rĂ©duites d introspection. L objectif majeur de cette thĂšse consiste en la conception de protocoles expĂ©rimentaux permettant de mettre en Ă©vidence de l exposition sĂ©lective envers l information de prĂ©vention du tabagisme. Dans cet objectif, un outil de mesure implicite de l attitude (Single Category Association Test Personalized, SC-IAT-P, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, en rĂ©vision) a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cialement dĂ©veloppĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus attestent de l utilitĂ© d une telle mesure dans la mise en Ă©vidence du phĂ©nomĂšne d exposition sĂ©lective. Ils soulignent Ă©galement, comme facteur de son Ă©mergence, l engagement des individus dans leur comportement. De plus, concernant le tabagisme, seule la mesure implicite de l attitude permet de prĂ©dire d une part, un changement de comportement et, d autre part, une exposition Ă  l information de prĂ©vention.Preventive campaigns are based on the assumption that individual deals with this type of persuasive messages. However, one of the easiest ways to resist to the persuasion is to avoid these messages. According with the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), individuals tend to expose themselves to information in accordance with their opinions and avoid all those likely to challenge them. The results of various experiments in this area do not permit to identify a systematic avoidance of information inconsistent with the attitudes of individuals. A first explanation is methodological problems in the traditional experimental paradigm used (Brock and Balloun, 1967). Thus, the use of discrete measures (Olson & Zanna, 1979) and to begin the experimentation by measuring exposure before the attitude seems to produce results more in line with the postulates of the theory (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). A second explanation could be the measurement of the exposure to information. It seems necessary that the individual should be actually confronted with the information (or thinks he will be) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). A third explanation could be the use of self-reported measures of attitude and/or behavior. However, on the one hand, the behavior of an individual is not necessarily consistent with his attitude, and, secondly, explicit measures of attitude are limited by social desirability as well as reduced capacity of introspection from individuals. The main goal of this thesis is to design an experimental protocol for studying the phenomenon of selective exposure especially toward smoking. To this aim, a test to measure implicit attitudes (Single Category Implicit Association Test Personalized, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, under review) has been specially developed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of this measure in the highlighting of selective exposure. It also points out the commitment of individuals in their behavior as a factor in its emergence. Furthermore, smoking, only the measure of implicit attitude predicts a behavioral change and an exposure to preventive information.TOULOUSE2-SCD-Bib. electronique (315559903) / SudocSudocFranceF
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