65 research outputs found
The Effect of Information Quality Evaluation on Selective Exposure in Informational Cognitive Dissonance: The Role of Information Novelty
In fictional decision-making, research on selective exposure (the tendency to expose oneself to consistent information and avoid inconsistent information, Festinger, 1957) shows that this phenomenon may be partly due to a biased evaluation quality of information. The present study seeks to establish whether this biased evaluation also occurs with informational dissonance (Vaidis and Gosling, 2011). More specifically, we examined (1) whether an individualâs attitude or behavior may be biased by information perception; and (2) whether this phenomenon was related to the perception of the informationâs novelty. In two successive studies, participants evaluated the quality and the novelty of information and their desire to expose themselves to it. The information in the texts dealt with the effects of passive smoking, alcohol, and electromagnetic waves (Study 1) and GMOs (Study 2). For each of these topics, one text emphasized their harmlessness (tobacco and electromagnetic waves) or the positive effects (alcohol and GMOs), whereas the second presented the negative effects on health. The hypotheses were tested using moderated mediation models. The results differed according to the subjects addressed and the novelty of the information submitted. Among several possible explanations for the findings, we suggest that the valence of the texts on items considered harmful for health plays a role
Increased serum levels of fractalkine and mobilisation of CD34+CD45â endothelial progenitor cells in systemic sclerosis
International audienceBackground: The disruption of endothelial homeostasis is a major determinant in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is reflected by soluble and cellular markers of activation, injury and repair. We aimed to provide a combined assessment of endothelial markers to delineate specific profiles associated with SSc disease and its severity
Measurements of the leptonic branching fractions of the
Data collected with the DELPHI detector from 1993 to 1995 combined with previous DELPHI results for data from 1991 and 1992 yield the branching fractions B({\tau \rightarrow \mbox{\rm e} \nu \bar{\nu}}) = (17.877 \pm 0.109_{stat} \pm 0.110_{sys} )\% and
Measurement of the gluon fragmentation function and a comparison of the scaling violation in gluon and quark jets
Selective exposure and smoking prevention : contribution of an implicit measure of attitude for the renewal of the paradigm of selective exposure
Les campagnes de prĂ©vention reposent sur le postulat que lâindividu prend connaissance des messages qui lui sont proposĂ©s. Or, lâun des moyens les plus simples pour rĂ©sister Ă la persuasion est de ne pas sây confronter. A suivre la thĂ©orie de la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957), les individus ont tendance Ă sâexposer aux informations en accord avec leurs opinions et Ă Ă©viter celles susceptibles de les remettre en cause. Les recherches menĂ©es dans ce domaine ne permettent pas de mettre systĂ©matiquement en Ă©vidence un Ă©vitement de lâinformation inconsistante avec les comportements et/ou les attitudes. Une premiĂšre explication relĂšve de problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental classiquement utilisĂ© (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Ainsi, utiliser des mesures discrĂštes (Olson & Zanna,1979) et commencer par mesurer lâexposition avant lâattitude semble permettre la manifestation de lâeffet (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). Une seconde explicitation tient dans la maniĂšre dont est mesurĂ©e lâexposition Ă lâinformation. Il semble nĂ©cessaire que lâindividu soit rĂ©ellement confrontĂ© Ă lâinformation (ou pense lâĂȘtre) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Une troisiĂšme explication renvoie Ă la mesure de lâattitude. Dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental traditionnellement utilisĂ©, lâexposition sĂ©lective est Ă©tudiĂ©e au regard dâun comportement et/ou dâune attitude auto-rapportĂ©e. Or, dâune part un comportement nâest pas forcĂ©ment consistant avec une attitude, et, dâautre part, les mesures explicites de lâattitude sont limitĂ©es par la dĂ©sirabilitĂ© sociale et les facultĂ©s rĂ©duites dâintrospection. Lâobjectif majeur de cette thĂšse consiste en la conception de protocoles expĂ©rimentaux permettant de mettre en Ă©vidence de lâexposition sĂ©lective envers lâinformation de prĂ©vention du tabagisme. Dans cet objectif, un outil de mesure implicite de lâattitude (Single Category Association Test Personalized, SC-IAT-P, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, en rĂ©vision) a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cialement dĂ©veloppĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus attestent de lâutilitĂ© dâune telle mesure dans la mise en Ă©vidence du phĂ©nomĂšne dâexposition sĂ©lective. Ils soulignent Ă©galement, comme facteur de son Ă©mergence, lâengagement des individus dans leur comportement. De plus, concernant le tabagisme, seule la mesure implicite de lâattitude permet de prĂ©dire dâune part, un changement de comportement et, dâautre part, une exposition Ă lâinformation de prĂ©vention.Preventive campaigns are based on the assumption that individual deals with this type of persuasive messages. However, one of the easiest ways to resist to the persuasion is to avoid these messages. According with the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), individuals tend to expose themselves to information in accordance with their opinions and avoid all those likely to challenge them. The results of various experiments in this area do not permit to identify a systematic avoidance of information inconsistent with the attitudes of individuals. A first explanation is methodological problems in the traditional experimental paradigm used (Brock and Balloun, 1967). Thus, the use of discrete measures (Olson & Zanna, 1979) and to begin the experimentation by measuring exposure before the attitude seems to produce results more in line with the postulates of the theory (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). A second explanation could be the measurement of the exposure to information. It seems necessary that the individual should be actually confronted with the information (or thinks he will be) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). A third explanation could be the use of self-reported measures of attitude and/or behavior. However, on the one hand, the behavior of an individual is not necessarily consistent with his attitude, and, secondly, explicit measures of attitude are limited by social desirability as well as reduced capacity of introspection from individuals. The main goal of this thesis is to design an experimental protocol for studying the phenomenon of selective exposure especially toward smoking. To this aim, a test to measure implicit attitudes (Single Category Implicit Association Test Personalized, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, under review) has been specially developed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of this measure in the highlighting of selective exposure. It also points out the commitment of individuals in their behavior as a factor in its emergence. Furthermore, smoking, only the measure of implicit attitude predicts a behavioral change and an exposure to preventive information
Exposition sélective et prévention du tabagisme (apport d'une mesure d'attitude implicite dans le renouvellement du paradigme expérimental)
Les campagnes de prĂ©vention reposent sur le postulat que l individu prend connaissance des messages qui lui sont proposĂ©s. Or, l un des moyens les plus simples pour rĂ©sister Ă la persuasion est de ne pas s y confronter. A suivre la thĂ©orie de la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957), les individus ont tendance Ă s exposer aux informations en accord avec leurs opinions et Ă Ă©viter celles susceptibles de les remettre en cause. Les recherches menĂ©es dans ce domaine ne permettent pas de mettre systĂ©matiquement en Ă©vidence un Ă©vitement de l information inconsistante avec les comportements et/ou les attitudes. Une premiĂšre explication relĂšve de problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental classiquement utilisĂ© (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Ainsi, utiliser des mesures discrĂštes (Olson & Zanna,1979) et commencer par mesurer l exposition avant l attitude semble permettre la manifestation de l effet (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). Une seconde explicitation tient dans la maniĂšre dont est mesurĂ©e l exposition Ă l information. Il semble nĂ©cessaire que l individu soit rĂ©ellement confrontĂ© Ă l information (ou pense l ĂȘtre) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). Une troisiĂšme explication renvoie Ă la mesure de l attitude. Dans le paradigme expĂ©rimental traditionnellement utilisĂ©, l exposition sĂ©lective est Ă©tudiĂ©e au regard d un comportement et/ou d une attitude auto-rapportĂ©e. Or, d une part un comportement n est pas forcĂ©ment consistant avec une attitude, et, d autre part, les mesures explicites de l attitude sont limitĂ©es par la dĂ©sirabilitĂ© sociale et les facultĂ©s rĂ©duites d introspection. L objectif majeur de cette thĂšse consiste en la conception de protocoles expĂ©rimentaux permettant de mettre en Ă©vidence de l exposition sĂ©lective envers l information de prĂ©vention du tabagisme. Dans cet objectif, un outil de mesure implicite de l attitude (Single Category Association Test Personalized, SC-IAT-P, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, en rĂ©vision) a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cialement dĂ©veloppĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus attestent de l utilitĂ© d une telle mesure dans la mise en Ă©vidence du phĂ©nomĂšne d exposition sĂ©lective. Ils soulignent Ă©galement, comme facteur de son Ă©mergence, l engagement des individus dans leur comportement. De plus, concernant le tabagisme, seule la mesure implicite de l attitude permet de prĂ©dire d une part, un changement de comportement et, d autre part, une exposition Ă l information de prĂ©vention.Preventive campaigns are based on the assumption that individual deals with this type of persuasive messages. However, one of the easiest ways to resist to the persuasion is to avoid these messages. According with the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), individuals tend to expose themselves to information in accordance with their opinions and avoid all those likely to challenge them. The results of various experiments in this area do not permit to identify a systematic avoidance of information inconsistent with the attitudes of individuals. A first explanation is methodological problems in the traditional experimental paradigm used (Brock and Balloun, 1967). Thus, the use of discrete measures (Olson & Zanna, 1979) and to begin the experimentation by measuring exposure before the attitude seems to produce results more in line with the postulates of the theory (Lavoie & Thompson, 1972, Olson & Zanna, 1979). A second explanation could be the measurement of the exposure to information. It seems necessary that the individual should be actually confronted with the information (or thinks he will be) (Brock & Balloun, 1967). A third explanation could be the use of self-reported measures of attitude and/or behavior. However, on the one hand, the behavior of an individual is not necessarily consistent with his attitude, and, secondly, explicit measures of attitude are limited by social desirability as well as reduced capacity of introspection from individuals. The main goal of this thesis is to design an experimental protocol for studying the phenomenon of selective exposure especially toward smoking. To this aim, a test to measure implicit attitudes (Single Category Implicit Association Test Personalized, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay & EscoubĂšs, under review) has been specially developed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of this measure in the highlighting of selective exposure. It also points out the commitment of individuals in their behavior as a factor in its emergence. Furthermore, smoking, only the measure of implicit attitude predicts a behavioral change and an exposure to preventive information.TOULOUSE2-SCD-Bib. electronique (315559903) / SudocSudocFranceF
The Language of Bias: Unveiling Implicit Attitudes through Linguistic Markers in Maghrebians Prejudice
Effet du groupe social et des prĂ©jugĂ©s implicites sur la perception de lâhumour de dĂ©nigrement
International audienc
From risk perception to information selectionâŠAnd not the other way round: Selective exposure mechanisms in the field of genetically modified organisms
International audienc
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