Evaluation of shale distribution in shaly-sand rocks on the basis of well logging data - the crossplots method

The analysis of effects of shale distribution and clay volume in reservoir formations on well logging curves is presented in this paper. A conception given originally by Thomas & Stieber (1975) was applied into modelling the response of well logging tools for an assumed shaly-sand model. Results of calculations were compared with logs registered in the J4 well which drilled the autochthonous Miocene deposits. Different crossplots obtained based on Gamma Ray and Neutron and Density or Acoustic logs prove that there is a possibility to determine porosity, shale distribution and sand volume (net to gross) in the reservoir horizons

Effect of high-temperature exposure on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al5Ti5Co35Ni35Fe20 high-entropy alloy

Effect of high-temperature exposure on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al5Ti5Co35Ni35Fe20 High-Entropy Alloy was studied. High-entropy alloys belong to the group of multi-principal element alloys composed of at least five elements with a concentration between 5 and 35 atomic pct. Despite the multicomponent composition, the goal is to achieve a simple solid solution. The alloy was exposed to a temperature range of 650-900 degrees C for 168 h (7 days), after hot rolling and air-quenching. After hot rolling the investigated alloy was not fully supersaturated. The application of air cooling caused gamma' precipitation, which was uniformly distributed within the microstructure. High-temperature exposure caused the growth of gamma' particles. At 700 degrees C and higher, additional continuous and discontinuous precipitation of gamma' was observed. Finally, the microstructure of the investigated alloy consisted of gamma matrix and three types of gamma' precipitates, i.e. spherical gamma' phases with bimodal distribution within the grains and elongated DP gamma' phases present at the grain boundaries. The highest mechanical properties were obtained after exposure to 650 degrees C, which was caused by gamma' precipitation. Further increase in temperature decreased the mechanical properties.Web of Science9155955

The influence of pore media distribution on the elastic parameters of rocks in Miocene sediments (Carpathian Foredeep, Poland, B deposit)

This paper presents the results of modelling compressional and shear wave velocities and elastic moduli, as well as Poisson’s coefficient changes in sandstone-shale rocks, based on the distribution of media reservoir (water, gas) in the pore space. Modelling was performed using the Estymacja-TP computer program and theoretical Kuster–Toksöz and Biot–Gassmann relationships. Phase distribution of saturating pores (ellipsoidal shapes) in several ways was assumed. Calculations were made of elastic parameters in the deposits of the autochthonous Miocene Sarmatian in the borehole B-4. Using a method similar to the so-called “fluid substitution” velocity of compressional and shear waves, elastic moduli, Poisson’s ratio and bulk density, under various conditions of water and gas saturation, were calculated. The assumed change in water saturation ranged from SW = 0% to 100%

Laparoscopic and open liver resection : a literature review with meta-analysis

Introduction: In recent years laparoscopic approach to liver resections has gained important attention from surgeons worldwide. The aim of this review was to compare the results of laparoscopic and open liver resections. Material and methods: We have performed a search in Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases. Studies comparing laparoscopic and open liver resections were included. Results: No randomized clinical trial were identified. In the 16 observational studies included in the analysis there were 927 laparoscopic and 1049 open liver resections. The laparoscopy group had lower blood loss (MD = 244.93 ml, p < 0.00001), lower odds of transfusion (OR = 0.35, p = 0.0002), lower odds of positive margins on pathology report (OR = 0.22, p < 0.00001), lower odds of readmission (OR = 0.36, p = 0.04), lower odds of pulmonary (OR = 0.38, p = 0.003) and cardiac complications (OR = 0.30, p = 0.02) and lower odds of postoperative liver failure (OR = 0.24, p = 0.001), but in many cases the results were based on a low number of events reported in included studies. Conclusions: Laparoscopic resection of liver yields complications rates comparable to open resection, but the results are based on low quality evidence from nonrandomised studies

Velocity models for seismics based on well log data

Compressional (Vp) and shear (Vs) elastic waves velocities were determined from logging measurements using FWS tool and acoustic full wavetrains processing using FalaFWS application in GeoWin system. Estymacja program was used to calculate both types of wave velocities (Vp, Vs) and bulk density theoretical formulas, which combine quantities dependent on mineral composition, porosity, water saturation and type of medium in the rock. The results were compared with respect to P and S waves slowless, bulk density and dynamic elastic moduli: Young modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus and Poisson ratio. It was determined that in the absence of Vp and Vs with a lack of acoustic full wavetrains registration, only the Estymacja program provides the expected results. The FalaFWS application broadens the range of results compared to logging results in depth sections where velocity of mud is higher than the velocity of S wave in formation

Attempts to calculate the pseudo-anisotropy of elastic parameters of shales gas formations based on well logging data and their geostatistical analysis

This paper presents the attempts to calculate the pseudo-anisotropy of elastic parameters for the Silurian and Ordovician shale formations of several wells located in the Baltic basin. For this purpose, well-logging data were used, in particular data recorded with acoustic dipole tools. With the P and S waves velocities available, measured at the dipole setting in two orthogonal directions XX or YY (SFast and SSlow), the elastic ε and γ parameters were calculated. In this paper we evaluate the effect of different factors e.g., porosity, clay and kerogen con-tent on the velocity of anisotropy shale gas formations. A geostatistical analysis of elastic and reservoir properties was carried out in order to determine the character of the variability of Silurian and Ordovician shale formations in all of the studied wells. Semivariograms for each well characterizing the variation of elastic parameters in the vertical direction were calculated

Scaling of well log data for velocity models in seismics

The results from the mathematical operations of filtration and interpolation are presented for dynamic elastic parameters such as P-wave slowness and S-wave slowness, Young modulus and Poisson ratio. The parameters were obtained by interpreting acoustic full waveforms using FalaFWS application of GeoWin system and based on calculations using the Estymacja program. The subject of the analysis were the results obtained from various lithostratigraphic formations in several Polish Lowland's borehole profiles sampled from surface to a depth of more than 5 km. The goal was to scale well log data of a high vertical resolution for seismic purposes. Average values of the elastic parameters were presented for units derived out of geological interpretation. The analysis also included calculation of the Q parameter, which is a measure of energy dispertion of elastic waves in a rock formation

When Peppa Pig and Confucius meet, joining forces on the battlefield of health literacya qualitative analysis of COVID-19 educational materials for children and adolescents from China, the USA, and Europe

W czasach pandemii wiedza zdrowotna (HL) jest bardzo ważna, ponieważ pomaga znaleźć, zrozumieć i korzystać z podstawowych informacji i usług zdrowotnych. Według WHO, HL ma kluczowe znaczenie w skutecznej walce z infodemią, a edukacja jest niezbędnym narzędziem do jej rozwoju. W prezentowanej pracy analizujemy 247 materiałów edukacyjnych poświęconych dzieciom, młodzieży i ich opiekunom wyjaśniających pandemię, przygotowanych przez rządy chiński, amerykański, niemiecki, włoski i polski oraz międzynarodowe organizacje pozarządowe. Koncentrując się na stronie tekstowej i wizualnej dokumentów, zbadaliśmy, w jaki sposób wyjaśniono pandemię i jakie środki dyskursywne zastosowano, aby poinformować młodych obywateli o zagrożeniach i konsekwencjach ograniczeń związanych z pandemią. Dodatkowo sprawdziliśmy, czy materiały pomogły w rozwijaniu krytycznego myślenia, co ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zapobiegania rozpowszechnianiu fałszywych wiadomości i teorii spiskowych. Chociaż analizowane materiały zostały przygotowane w różnych kontekstach kulturowych, stwierdziliśmy, że wszystkie zawierały proste instrukcje dotyczące pożądanych zachowań w czasie pandemii. Kluczowe komunikaty odnoszące się do wagi zachowań higienicznych były często uzupełniane o wskazówki, jak pomyślnie zakończyć każde działanie. Podczas gdy specyfika kulturowa w przedstawianiu stanu pandemii jest widoczna, na całym świecie dominowały wyzwania związane z radzeniem sobie z kryzysami emocjonalnymi i społecznymi. W naszym badaniu argumentujemy, że możliwości budowania HL nie zostały w pełni wykorzystane przez instytucje krajowe i międzynarodowe. Obywateli uczono, jak zachowywać się w nietypowych okolicznościach, ale nie uczono ich, dlaczego powinni zachowywać się inaczej. W materiałach edukacyjnych brakowało rzetelnej wiedzy, która pozwoliłaby im radzić sobie z infodemią i rozwijać krytyczne myślenie. Dochodzimy do wniosku, że wiedza specjalistyczna w zakresie edukacji zdrowotnej na całym świecie powinna koncentrować się na zwiększaniu zdolności jednostek do podejmowania świadomych decyzji zdrowotnych i przedstawia trzy zalecenia dotyczące procesu opracowywania zasobów edukacji zdrowotnej dla dzieci i młodzieży.In times of pandemic, health literacy (HL) is very important, as it helps to find, understand, and use essential health information and services. According to WHO, HL is pivotal in fighting infodemic effectively, and education is a vital tool for developing it. In the presented work, we analyze 247 educational materials dedicated to children, adolescents, and their carers explaining the pandemic, prepared by the Chinese, American, German, Italian and Polish governments and international non-governmental organizations. Focusing on the textual and visual side of the documents, we investigated how the pandemic is explained and what discursive measures were used to inform young citizens about the risks and consequences of pandemic restrictions. Additionally, we verified whether the materials helped developing critical thinking, which is crucial to prevent spreading fake news and conspiracy theories. Although the analyzed materials were prepared in different cultural contexts, we identified that all of them contained simple instructions on the desired behaviours during the pandemic. Key messages relating to the importance of hygienic behaviors were often supplemented with guidelines on how to successfully complete each action. While the cultural particularities in presenting the state of the pandemic are visible, the challenges of dealing with the emotional and social crises were dominant all around the world. In our study, we argue that the possibilities of building HL were not fully exploited by the national and international institutions. Citizens were taught how to behave in unusual circumstances but not why they should behave differently. The educational materials lacked reliable knowledge that would allow them to deal with infodemic and develop critical thinking. We conclude that health education expertise worldwide should be focused on enhancing individuals’ ability to make informed health decisions and provide three recommendations regarding the process of development of health educational resources for children and the youth

Shale Gas in Poland

An example of interpretation of the Silurian and Ordovician shale formations in the Baltic Basin in Poland regarding determination of potential sweet spots is presented. Short geological information shows the position of shale gas play. Description of the data—laboratory measurement outcomes (petrophysical and geochemical) and well logging—presents results available for analyses. Detailed elemental analyses and various statistical classifications show the differentiation between sweet spots and adjacent formations. Elastic property modelling based on the known theoretical models and results of comprehensive interpretation of well logs is a good tool to complete information, especially in old wells. Acoustic emission investigations show additional characteristic features of shale gas rock and reveal that acoustic emission and volumetric strain of a shale sample induced by the sorption processes are lower for shale than for coals