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A RISC-V Vector Processor With Simultaneous-Switching Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converters in 28 nm FDSOI
This work demonstrates a RISC-V vector microprocessor implemented in 28 nm FDSOI with fully integrated simultaneous-switching switched-capacitor DC-DC (SC DC-DC) converters and adaptive clocking that generates four on-chip voltages between 0.45 and 1 V using only 1.0 V core and 1.8 V IO voltage inputs. The converters achieve high efficiency at the system level by switching simultaneously to avoid charge-sharing losses and by using an adaptive clock to maximize performance for the resulting voltage ripple. Details about the implementation of the DC-DC switches, DC-DC controller, and adaptive clock are provided, and the sources of conversion loss are analyzed based on measured results. This system pushes the capabilities of dynamic voltage scaling by enabling fast transitions (20 ns), simple packaging (no off-chip passives), low area overhead (16%), high conversion efficiency (80%-86%), and high energy efficiency (26.2 DP GFLOPS/W) for mobile devices
Immunological Significance of HMGB1 Post-Translational Modification and Redox Biology
© Copyright © 2020 Kwak, Kim, Lee, Kim, Son and Shin. Most extracellular proteins are secreted via the classical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-dependent secretion pathway; however, some proteins, including a few danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are secreted via non-classical ER/Golgi-independent secretion pathways. The evolutionarily conserved high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that can be released by almost all cell types. HMGB1 lacks signal peptide and utilizes diverse non-canonical secretion mechanisms for its extracellular export. Although the post-translational modifications of HMGB1 were demonstrated, the oxidation of HMGB1 and secretion mechanisms are not highlighted yet. We currently investigated that peroxiredoxins I and II (PrxI/II) induce the intramolecular disulfide bond formation of HMGB1 in the nucleus. Disulfide HMGB1 is preferentially transported out of the nucleus by binding to the nuclear exportin chromosome-region maintenance 1 (CRM1). We determined the kinetics of HMGB1 oxidation in bone marrow-derived macrophage as early as a few minutes after lipopolysaccharide treatment, peaking at 4 h while disulfide HMGB1 accumulation was observed within the cells, starting to secrete in the late time point. We have shown that HMGB1 oxidation status, which is known to determine the biological activity in extracellular HMGB1, is crucial for the secretion of HMGB1 from the nucleus. This review summarizes selected aspects of HMGB1 redox biology relevant to the induction and propagation of inflammatory diseases. We implicate the immunological significance and the need for novel HMGB1 inhibitors through mechanism-based studies
Driven Diffusive Systems: How Steady States Depend on Dynamics
In contrast to equilibrium systems, non-equilibrium steady states depend
explicitly on the underlying dynamics. Using Monte Carlo simulations with
Metropolis, Glauber and heat bath rates, we illustrate this expectation for an
Ising lattice gas, driven far from equilibrium by an `electric' field. While
heat bath and Glauber rates generate essentially identical data for structure
factors and two-point correlations, Metropolis rates give noticeably weaker
correlations, as if the `effective' temperature were higher in the latter case.
We also measure energy histograms and define a simple ratio which is exactly
known and closely related to the Boltzmann factor for the equilibrium case. For
the driven system, the ratio probes a thermodynamic derivative which is found
to be dependent on dynamics
Atomic scale evolution of the surface chemistry in Li[Ni,Mn,Co]O2 cathode for Li-ion batteries stored in air
Layered LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn, and Al mixture) cathode materials used for Li-ion batteries are reputed to be highly reactive through their surface, where the chemistry changes rapidly when exposed to ambient air. However, conventional electron/spectroscopy-based techniques or thermogravimetric analysis fails to capture the underlying atom-scale chemistry of vulnerable Li species. To study the evolution of the surface composition at the atomic scale, here we use atom probe tomography and probed the surface species formed during exposure of a LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathode material to air. The compositional analysis evidences the formation of Li2CO3. Site specific examination from a cracked region of an NMC811 particle also suggests the predominant presence of Li2CO3. These insights will help to design improved protocols for cathode synthesis and cell assembly, as well as critical knowledge for cathode degradatio
The Impact of CEO/CFO Outside Directorships on Auditor Selection and Audit Quality
We examine whether outside directorships of chief executive officer/chief financial officer (CEO/CFO) and resulting network ties to auditors affect auditor selection decisions and subsequent audit quality. The network ties arise when the CEO/CFO of a firm (home firm) serves as an outside director of
another firm that hires an auditor (connected auditor). Using a sample of firms that switch auditors in the post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act period, we find that home firms are more likely to appoint connected auditors. We also find that home firms hiring connected auditors experience a significant decline in subsequent audit quality, compared to those hiring non-connected auditors. Specifically, the increases in the likelihood of misstatements, the magnitude of absolute discretionary accruals, and the propensity to meet or beat earnings benchmarks after home firms appoint connected auditors are significantly greater, compared to those for other firms switching to non-connected auditors. We further find that the decline in audit quality is more pronounced when the network is established at the local office level
Orbital quantization in the high magnetic field state of a charge-density-wave system
A superposition of the Pauli and orbital coupling of a high magnetic field to
charge carriers in a charge-density-wave (CDW) system is proposed to give rise
to transitions between subphases with quantized values of the CDW wavevector.
By contrast to the purely orbital field-induced density-wave effects which
require a strongly imperfect nesting of the Fermi surface, the new transitions
can occur even if the Fermi surface is well nested at zero field. We suggest
that such transitions are observed in the organic metal
-(BEDT-TTF)KHg(SCN) under a strongly tilted magnetic field.Comment: 14 pages including 4 figure
Partisan Asymmetries in Online Political Activity
We examine partisan differences in the behavior, communication patterns and
social interactions of more than 18,000 politically-active Twitter users to
produce evidence that points to changing levels of partisan engagement with the
American online political landscape. Analysis of a network defined by the
communication activity of these users in proximity to the 2010 midterm
congressional elections reveals a highly segregated, well clustered partisan
community structure. Using cluster membership as a high-fidelity (87% accuracy)
proxy for political affiliation, we characterize a wide range of differences in
the behavior, communication and social connectivity of left- and right-leaning
Twitter users. We find that in contrast to the online political dynamics of the
2008 campaign, right-leaning Twitter users exhibit greater levels of political
activity, a more tightly interconnected social structure, and a communication
network topology that facilitates the rapid and broad dissemination of
political information.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, 6 table
Unusual low-temperature thermopower in the one-dimensional Hubbard model
The low-temperature thermoelectric power of the repulsive-interaction
one-dimensional Hubbard model is calculated using an asymptotic Bethe ansatz
for holons and spinons. The competition between the entropy carried by the
holons and that carried by the backflow of the spinons gives rise to an unusual
temperature and doping dependence of the thermopower which is qualitatively
similar to that observed in the normal state of high- superconductors.Comment: 11 pages, REVTEX 3.
The alignment of molecular cloud magnetic fields with the spiral arms in M33
The formation of molecular clouds, which serve as stellar nurseries in
galaxies, is poorly understood. A class of cloud formation models suggests that
a large-scale galactic magnetic field is irrelevant at the scale of individual
clouds, because the turbulence and rotation of a cloud may randomize the
orientation of its magnetic field. Alternatively, galactic fields could be
strong enough to impose their direction upon individual clouds, thereby
regulating cloud accumulation and fragmentation, and affecting the rate and
efficiency of star formation. Our location in the disk of the Galaxy makes an
assessment of the situation difficult. Here we report observations of the
magnetic field orientation of six giant molecular cloud complexes in the
nearby, almost face-on, galaxy M33. The fields are aligned with the spiral
arms, suggesting that the large-scale field in M33 anchors the clouds.Comment: to appear in Natur
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