The effect of virgin coconut oil loaded solid lipid particles (VCO-SLPs) on skin hydration and skin elasticity

Virgin Coconut Oil is usually extracted from well matured and fresh coconut through specialized processes without damaging its natural nutrition. In this work, formulation, characterization and efficacy of VCO-SLPs have been studied. VCO-SLPs were prepared using ultrasonification of molten stearic acid and virgin coconut oil in an aqueous solution and particles with the size of 0.608 μm have been obtained. 20% concentration of VCO-SLPs of 0.608 μm particle size was added into the base lotion. Sensory study and skin evaluation study was conducted to compare the difference between lotion containing VCO-SLPs and lotion without VCO-SLPs. Moisturizing lotion incorporated with VCO-SLPs was found to increase skin hydration and skin elasticity by 24.8% and 2.60% respectively from day 0 to day 28. This shows that solid lipid particles has the potential to be utilized as a carrier for improved dermal delivery of VCO

Evaluation of pharmaceutical cream production debottlenecking schemes

The main objective of this work is to model and debottleneck a pharmaceutical production of an anti-allergic cream. The base case process has a minimum cycle time of 29 hours which is equivalent to 66 batches/year. Four schemes were proposed for process debottlenecking due to the anticipated increase of the product demand of 150% in the market. By carrying out throughput analysis study, schemes that fulfil the debottlenecking objective were determined. Out of the four debottlenecking schemes, Scheme 4 was chosen, which proposed a new blending tank and intermediate tank, showed a production increase of over 150%

Ketidakadilan Suami yang Berpoligami dalam Memberi Nafkah Sebagai Alasan Cerai Gugat (Analisa Putusan Mahkamah Syariah Bentong Pahang Nomor Kasus Mal No.04300-076-0217)

Ketidakadilan suami yang berpoligami dalam memberi nafkah adalah salah satu macam permasalahan dari ketentuan hukum Islam terhadap ketidakadilan suami dalam berpoligami dan bagaimana pertimbangan hakim Mahkamah Syariah Bentong Pahang dalam memutuskan perkara cerai gugat Kasus Mal Nomor 04300-076-0217 tentang ketidakadilan suami dalam berpoligami sebagai alasan cerai gugat. Di dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode kajian pustaka dengan sumber sekunder yaitu putusan hakim yang berkaitan secara langsung bertempat di Mahkamah Syariah Bentong, Pahang. Manakala sumber primer yaitu sumber yang mampu atau dapat memberikan informasi atau data tambahan yang dapat memperkuat perbahasan data yang diambil penulis dalam skripsi ini adalah buku-buku standard, kitab-kitab dalil dan hadist, al-Quran dan Enakmen Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam di Malaysia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pandangan hakim dalam memutuskan perkara Ketidakadilan Suami yang berpoligami antaranya adalah tergugat telah lalai dalam pemberian nafkah kepada penggugat dan anak-anak, tergugat tidak adil dalam berpoligami dan tergugat tidak menjalankan tanggungjawabnya sebagai seorang suami berdasarkan dalil-dalil Hukum Syarak dan Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam maka, Mahkamah mengabulkan permintaan tergugat. Oleh karena itu, seorang laki-laki yang poligami harus adil dalam materi atau lahiriah, karena untuk hal tersebut dapat dikelola dengan baik dan normal oleh suami yang poligami, seperti pengaturan nafkah lahiriah, yakni kebutuhan sandang, pangan, papan, termasuk pengaturan waktu gilir

Optimisation of essential oil yield and zerumbone content in Zingiber zerumbet extract using hydrodistillation process

The optimisation of zerumbone content in essential oil of Zingiber zerumbet was investigated using hydrodistillation extraction method. The extractions were carried out to identify the optimum condition of the processing parameters (solvent-to-solid loading ratio, particle size and time) on the essential oil and zerumbone recovery. The extraction variables (solvent-to-solid ratio, particle size and time), on the other hand, were optimised by central composite design. The optimum conditions of the Z. zerumbet essential oil extraction were at the solvent-to-solid loading ratio, 187 mL/10 g; particle size, 2,000 µm; and extraction time, 74.28 min, whereas the concentration of Z. zerumbet essential oil and zerumbone as high as 3.73 % and 1.58 % were obtained. Hence, the central composite design model can be used to predict the zerumbone content in essential oil extraction from Z. zerumbet in a hydrodistillation extraction system

Optimization of extraction conditions of antioxidant activity from zingiber zerumbet oleoresin

The health promoting capacity of natural antioxidant from phytochemicals has increase attention from researchers and public. However, processing is affecting the activity and the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the optimization of extraction condition of antioxidant activity from Zingiber zerumbet oleoresin was investigated. A Box-Behnken design technique was employed to study the effect of different range parameters of soxhlet extraction. Analysis of variance and response surface methodology were applied to identify the optimal processing parameter. Independent variables were extraction time (8, 10 and 12), type of solvent used (hexane, acetone, ethanol) and blanching treatment (steam treated, boil treated, untreated). The response and variables were fitted well to each other by multiple regressions. All the independent parameters affected oleoresin yield and antioxidant activity significantly. The optimal processing parameter that fulfilled the requirement for yield of oleoresin and antioxidant activity were found to be 12 h extraction time, ethanol as the solvent used and untreated sample. While, the optimal yield of oleoresin was 13.05% w/w and antioxidant activity was 16.01% w/w

Extending TLS with mutual attestation for platform integrity assurance

Normally, secure communication between client-server applications is established using secure channel technologies such as Transport Layer Security (TLS). TLS is cryptographic protocol which ensures secure transmission of data and authenticity of communication at each endpoint platform. However, the protocol does not provide any trustworthiness assurance of the involved endpoint. This paper incorporates remote attestation in the TLS key exchange protocol to solve this issue.The proposed embedded attestation extension in TLS protocol will provide assurance of sender's platforms integrity to receiver, and vice versa.The CA responsibility in TLS is replaced using own Trusted Certificate Authority (TCA) in our protocol. The credibility of the proposed protocol is studied to secure against replay attack and collusion attack. The proof is performed using AVISPA with High Level Protocol Specification (HLPSL) through Dolev-Yao intruder model implementation of the proposed protocol

Process modelling of a PVC production plant

This paper presents the modelling of a Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) resins manufacturing process with batch process simulator, SuperPro Designer V6.0. The simulation model has been developed based on the operating condition of a local PVC manufacturing plant. As the polymerisation process is carried out in batch operation mode, efforts have been made to document the scheduling details of each unit operation and results are presented in the Gantt chart. Cycle time for a complete polymerisation process is determined to be 14.28 hours. The model also reveals that approximately 17 batches of polymerisation reaction can be processed per day, which tallies the real operation of the PVC manufacturing plant

Exploring hard and soft domestic ecotourists preferences towards selected eco-friendly attributes of ecolodges in Kinabalu Park, Sabah

The emergence of the term ecotourism in the 1980`s has brought forward numerous developments in ecotourism industry including the discovery of special niche segments, specifically the `ecotourists`, as well as specialist accommodation type, specifically the `ecolodges`. Although a number of studies have been published with regards to ecotourists` traits and ecolodges guideline, limited information is available on the domestic ecotourists` preferences towards the characteristics that ecolodges embody. Hence, this study is an attempt to address this deficiency by looking at the preferences of two contrasting ecotourist segments, namely, hard and soft domestic ecotourists in Kinabalu Park, a World Heritage Area in Sabah, Malaysia. A discriminant analysis was performed using 403 samples in Kinabalu Park, and it revealed two ecotourist segments with significant differences of preferences towards six constructs of ecolodges. It was also found that hard domestic ecotourists displayed significant differences in preferring eco-friendly attributes as compared to the soft domestic ecotourists on the variables measuring nature based attractions, services and comfort, location and type of accommodation. Soft domestic ecotourists tend to resemble the mass tourists as they placed importance towards services and comfort but disliked being in remote locations. The results of this study demonstrate that ecotourist segments deserve specific considerations by ecotourism managers to cater accommodation packages based on their specific preferences in order to ensure a quality ecotourism experience

Formulation and characterization of [6]-gingerol loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)

Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid, liquid lipid and suitable surfactant for the purpose of encapsulated poorly water soluble drugs. [6]-gingerol is the main bioactive compound in Zingiber officinale, widely known as ginger in Malaysia. Zingiber officinale extract has been discovered to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects to human body. The aim of this study is to develop NLC formulation for [6]-gingerol and to estimate the potential of NLC as a delivery system for these water insoluble drugs. In this work, the preparation of ginger oil loaded onto nanostructured lipid carrier (GO-NLC) was done by using ultrasonication method. The GO-NLCs were assessed by evaluating the morphology and its entrapment efficiency. The morphological study was performed by using Zetasizer Nano S and the entrapment efficiency analysis of NLC was performed using HPLC by detecting [6]-gingerol as active biomarker. The average particle size for GO-NLCs ranged from size 100 to 250 nm and the average encapsulation efficiency was 92.7± 3.03%.Based on analysis, it is proved that nanostructured lipid carriers has high potential to be nanocarriers for [6]-gingerol

A comparative study on yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of Zingiber zerumbet and Zingiber officinale

Zingiber officinale (ZO) and Zingiber zerumbet (ZZ) are widely found in Southeast Asia and commonly used in herbal medicine practice for treating various diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of these Zingeberaceae species. Essential oils and hydrosols were obtained using turbo-extraction-distillation (TED). The highest yield of essential oil was obtained by the ZZ sample, which was 0.35 ± 0.09%, while the ZO showed the lowest yield (0.17 ± 0.02%). In hydrosol extracts the highest yield was obtained by the water extract of ZZ (2.50 ± 0.78%), while the ethanol/water (30:70) extract of ZO showed the lowest yield (0.90 ± 0.15%). The analysis of chemical marker content of ZO and ZZ showed 6-gingerol and zerumbone as the major component, respectively. The DPPH method showed the highest antioxidant activity for ZO essential oil (129.4 ± 14.47%), followed by ZZ essential oil (78.88 ± 9.35%) and hydrosol extracts. Collectively, these findings suggest that both ZO and ZZ can be used as potential sources of natural antioxidant in foods and herbal medicines