2,385 research outputs found
Are Welfare Eligible Households Forward Looking?
A consensus has formed in the welfare reform literature suggesting that welfare eligible households (WEH) ĂąâŹĆbankù⏠benefits in the presence of time limits, either by delaying enrollment in welfare or exiting well before the time limit is reached. In this study, we use the standard labor-leisure lifetime utility to analyze the behavioral effects of imposing time limits on welfare use. Our approach is different from our predecessors (which model welfare participation) in that we model delayed enrollment in and early exit from welfare. Our results suggest that prior to time limits, WEH enroll in welfare as soon as eligibility is established and remain on assistance programs until their youngest children reach adulthood. Moreover, time limits do not alter this behavior in WEH with older children. As such, being ĂąâŹĆforward lookingù⏠in an era of time limits is not a sufficient condition for banking welfare benefits.
Composition and diversity of spring-active carabid beetle assemblages in relation to soil management in organic wheat fields in Denmark
Patterns in spring-active carabid assemblages were described in relation to four organic soil management regimes (no soil nutrient addition, undersowing, animal manure, undersowing + manure) in two areas of Denmark. On the island of Zealand, the Flakkebjerg study area had 22 species, 3-10 species/trap, and the species rank of these was the same for all treatments. The dominant species were Pterostichus melanarius, Agonum dorsale, Harpalus rufipes and Calathus fuscipes. At Foulum, Jutland, there were 46 species, 12-15 species/ trap, dominated by P. versicolor, P. melanarius, A. dorsale and Nebria brevicollis. Their rank, however, was not the same for all treatments. There were remarkable differences in the carabid assemblages of the two sites, and manure addition modified the assemblages, more pronouncedly so in the poorer-soil Flakkebjerg site. However, we did not detect clear effects of the studied treatments on carabid species richness, overall abundance or Pterostichus melanarius alone
Accounting for peak shifting in traditional cost-benefit analysis
When cost-benefit analysis fails to account for peak-shifting the benefits of road improvement options are miscalculated. Using theory from transportation economics, we derive a simple model that disaggregates the average daily equilibrium into peak, counter-peak, and off-peak equilibria. This paper demonstrates how accounting for peak-shifting improves the performance of cost-benefit analysis.Transportation Demand, Transportation Supply, Congestion, Cost/Benefit Analysis, Planning Policy
One Hub-One Process: A Tool Based View on Regulatory Network Topology
The relationship between the regulatory design and the functionality of
molecular networks is a key issue in biology. Modules and motifs have been
associated to various cellular processes, thereby providing anecdotal evidence
for performance based localization on molecular networks. To quantify
structure-function relationship we investigate similarities of proteins which
are close in the regulatory network of the yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. We
find that the topology of the regulatory network show weak remnants of its
history of network reorganizations, but strong features of co-regulated
proteins associated to similar tasks. This suggests that local topological
features of regulatory networks, including broad degree distributions, emerge
as an implicit result of matching a number of needed processes to a finite
toolbox of proteins.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures, 5 supplementary figure
Day-night differences in Cunene horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae) acoustic relative densities off Angola
The assessment and the management of the Cunene horse mackerel in Angola rely heavily on abundance estimates from hydroacoustic surveys. Acoustic data collected from 1994 to 1999 were analysed to quantify diurnal variation in relative acoustic densities at 38 kHz. The nautical-area scattering coefficient (s(A), m(2) nautical mile(-2)) was characterized by clear day night differences: s(A) values recorded during the day were significantly higher (mean s(A): 135 m(2) nautical mile(-2)) than the corresponding night-time values (mean s(A) 83 m(2) nautical mile(-2)). This pattern is associated with differences in behaviour and horizontal and vertical distributions between day and night: by day, the fish school near the seabed, and by night, they move into the pelagic zone and disperse into widespread scattering layers. More than 40% of the total backscatter by day originated from the bottom 10 m, but at night this proportion decreased to <10%. The findings demonstrate considerable influences of behaviour and aggregation dynamics on acoustic measurements. Possible implications for the estimates of acoustic abundance are discussed in the light of the differences.Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD); Dr Fridtjof Nansen programme; Gulbenkian Foundationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Toward an Energy Efficient Language and Compiler for (Partially) Reversible Algorithms
We introduce a new programming language for expressing reversibility,
Energy-Efficient Language (Eel), geared toward algorithm design and
implementation. Eel is the first language to take advantage of a partially
reversible computation model, where programs can be composed of both reversible
and irreversible operations. In this model, irreversible operations cost energy
for every bit of information created or destroyed. To handle programs of
varying degrees of reversibility, Eel supports a log stack to automatically
trade energy costs for space costs, and introduces many powerful control logic
operators including protected conditional, general conditional, protected
loops, and general loops. In this paper, we present the design and compiler for
the three language levels of Eel along with an interpreter to simulate and
annotate incurred energy costs of a program.Comment: 17 pages, 0 additional figures, pre-print to be published in The 8th
Conference on Reversible Computing (RC2016
The Portrayal of Minorities and Multiculturalism in EFL Textbooks for Upper Secondary School
LĂŠreplanverket for KunnskapslĂžftet (LK06) fremhever viktigheten av bĂ„de interkulturell forstĂ„else og kommunikasjon, og evnen til Ă„ skape og lese sammensatte (multimodale) tekster. Studien fant at det tidligere hadde blitt gjort lite forskning rundt fremstillingen av disse to temaene i kombinasjon i lĂŠrebĂžker for internasjonal engelsk. Hensikten med studien var Ă„ se pĂ„ hvordan tre lĂŠrebĂžker for internasjonal engelsk fremstiller multikultur og minoritetskulturer i Storbritannia og USA gjennom bĂ„de tekst og bilder. Studien har sett pĂ„ maktforhold mellom forfatter og bilde, og leseren. Studien har ogsĂ„ sett pĂ„ maktforholdet mellom personene som er avbildet pĂ„ bildet og personen som tolker bildet. I tillegg har studien gĂ„tt inn pĂ„ hvilke deler av minoritetskulturen som var inkludert i tekst og bilder. For Ă„ gjĂžre dette har studien benyttet et mixed-methods design hvor bĂ„de kvalitativ og kvantitativ metode har blitt tatt i bruk. Studiens funn fant visse forskjeller mellom de tre lĂŠrebĂžkene. Disse forskjellene dreide seg om hvor mye multimodalitet det var i de relevante kapitlene i lĂŠrebĂžkene, og i hvor mye representasjon av minoriteter i USA og Storbritannia det var pĂ„ bildene i de relevante kapitlene. Studiens funn antyder at tekstene har et fokus pĂ„ problemene og uenighetene som kan oppstĂ„ i et flerkulturelt samfunn. I tillegg inkluderte tekstene i liten grad fremstillinger av individuelle minoritetskulturer, med unntak av et par tekster. Bildene inkluderte flere elementer som tilhĂžrer individuelle minoritetskulturer. Disse elementene dreide seg fĂžrst og fremst om klĂŠr og festivaler, men noen bilder kunne ogsĂ„ tolkes i den forstand at de sa noe om individenes verdier. Bildene hadde ogsĂ„ delvis et fokus pĂ„ problemene og konfliktene rundt multikulturalisme som eksisterer i USA og Storbritannia, men flere bilder viste ogsĂ„ medlemmer av majoritets- og minoritetskulturer som sameksisterte fredelig. Studien argumenterer for at en utvikling av elevenes interkulturelle kompetanse og ferdigheter nĂ„r det kommer til Ă„ lese sammensatte tekster er svĂŠrt viktig. Studien gir derfor noen didaktiske forslag til hvordan man kan bidra til utviklingen av disse ferdighetene og kunnskapene.Engelsk mastergradsoppgaveENG350MAHF-LĂFRMAHF-EN
Against institutional conservatism
In this article, I argue against institutional conservatism, and the reluctance to include radical changes to important institutions within normative principles for fear of losing practical significance. In making this argument, I will focus on the debate on global justice, in which the issue is especially clear due to the greater potential effects of radical institutional changes. My main target, then, is theorists who are institutionally conservative regarding the institutional system of nation states. Although, these theorists are institutionally conservative for (somewhat) different reasons, they all face significant and potentially debilitating problems in guiding action towards the fulfillment of their own moral commitments. Here, I focus on institutionally conservative arguments for (only) a low level of global redistribution. The problem arises because the continued existence of the current system of nation states and the lack of international institutions with significant coercive powers present a significant obstacle to realizing their principled commitment to alleviating the basic needs of foreigners. As I will phrase it here, institutionally conservative theorists end up in a dilemma, the escape from which involves significantly weakening either their institutional conservatism or their normative commitments
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