"Jeg vil heller ha tiden og friheten i hverdagen til å gripe dagen". En kvalitativ studie av læreres erfaringer med rask bokstavinnlæring

I lese- og skriveopplæringen på første trinn har det tradisjonelt vært vanlig å introdusere én bokstav i uken. De senere årene har innlæringstempoet vært debattert, og Lesesenteret i Stavanger har anbefalt rask bokstavinnlæring (Sunde & Lundetræ, 2019). I forskning på rask bokstavinnlæring, finner vi i stor grad fordeler fremfor utfordringer. Hensikten med denne masteroppgaven har vært å sette lys på lærerperspektivet, og oppgavens problemstilling er derfor: Hvordan vurderer lærere rask bokstavinnlæring ut ifra sine erfaringer? I studien er det benyttet en kvalitativ tilnærming; data er samlet inn gjennom en fokusgruppesamtale og et enkeltintervju. Datamaterialet er analysert tematisk, og funnene presenteres under følgende tre hovedkategorier: Fordeler med rask bokstavinnlæring, utfordringer med rask bokstavinnlæring og begrunnelse for innlæringstempo. Funnene blir drøftet i lys av teori om begynneropplæring, særlig begynneropplæring i lesing og skriving, samt tidligere forskning på rask bokstavinnlæring. Lærerne i denne studien peker på flere utfordringer enn fordeler med rask bokstavinnlæring. De mest sentrale funnene er at lærerne opplever at det hurtige tempoet kolliderer med deres prioriteringer i begynneropplæringen og at de opplever tempoet stressende. Lærerne mener elevene vil komme tidligere i gang med lesing og skriving gjennom et raskt tempo på bokstavinnlæringen, men de uttrykker like fullt at det innebærer flere ulemper enn fordeler. Lærernes vurderinger ser ut til å henge sammen med et mer helhetlig syn på begynneropplæringen, og i særlig grad viser de til tilpasset opplæring som et overordnet prinsipp. Nøkkelord: Begynneropplæring, bokstavinnlæring, leseopplæring, skriveopplæring, tilpasset opplæring Abstract: In reading and writing instruction in first grade, it has traditionally been common to introduce one letter per week. In recent years, the pace of letter learning has been debated, and the Reading Center in Stavanger has recommended a fast letter learning (Sunde & Lundetræ, 2019). In research on fast letter learning, we find mostly benefits rather than challenges. The purpose of this master’s thesis has been to shed light on the teacher’s perspective, and the research question is therefore: How do teachers evaluate fast letter learning based on their experiences? The study used a qualitative approach; data was collected through a focus group and a single interview. The data was analyzed thematically, and the findings are presented under the following three main categories: Advantages of fast letter learning, challenges of fast letter learning and reasons for learning pace. The findings are discussed in light of theory about initial education in general, especially initial education in reading and writing, as well as previous research on fast letter learning. The teachers in this study point out more challenges than benefits with fast letter learning. The most central findings are that the teachers experience that the fast pace collides with their priorities in initial education and that they find the fast pace stressful. The teachers belive that the students will start reading and writing earlier through a fast pace of letter learning, but they express that it involves more disadvantages than advantages. The teachers’ evaluations seem to be related to a more holistic view of initial education, and in particular, they refer to adapted education as a guiding principle. Keywords: Initial education, letter learning, reading instruction, writing instruction, adapted educatio

Cavity-free vacuum-Rabi splitting in circuit quantum acoustodynamics

Artificial atoms coupled to surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have played a crucial role in the recent development of circuit quantum acoustodynamics (cQAD). In this paper, we have investigated the interaction of an artificial atom and SAWs beyond the weak coupling regime, focusing on the role of the interdigital transducer (IDT) that enables the coupling. We find a parameter regime in which the IDT acts as a cavity for the atom, rather than an antenna. In other words, the atom forms its own cavity. Similar to an atom coupled to an explicit cavity, this regime is characterized by vacuum-Rabi splitting, as the atom hybridizes with the phononic vacuum inside the IDT. This hybridization is possible because of the interdigitated coupling, which has a large spatial extension, and the slow propagation speed of SAWs. We work out a criterion for entering this regime from a model based on standard circuit-quantization techniques, taking only material parameters as inputs. Most notably, we find this regime hard to avoid for an atom on top of a strong piezoelectric material, such as LiNbO$_3$. The SAW-coupled atom on top of LiNbO$_3$ can thus be regarded as an atom-cavity-bath system. On weaker piezoelectric materials, the number of IDT electrodes need to be large in order to reach this regime.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Contrasting impacts of warming and browning on periphyton

We tested interactive effects of warming (+2 degrees C) and browning on periphyton accrual and pigment composition when grown on a synthetic substrate (plastic strips) in the euphotic zone of 16 experimental ponds. We found that increased colored dissolved organic matter (cDOM) and associated nutrients alone, or in combination with warming, resulted in a substantially enhanced biomass accrual of periphyton, and a comparatively smaller increase in phytoplankton. This illustrates that periphyton is capable of using nutrients associated with cDOM, and by this may affect nutrient availability for phytoplankton. However, warming weakened the positive impact of browning on periphyton accrual, possibly by thermal compensation inferred from altered pigment composition, and/or changes in community composition. Our results illustrate multiple impacts of climate change on algal growth, which could have implications for productivity and consumer resource use, especially in shallow areas in northern lakes

Testing the validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD among refugees in treatment using latent class analysis

Introduction: The WHO has proposed posttraumatic stress (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) trauma-related ‘sibling’-disorders in ICD-11. The proposal has received support from research among clinical and community samples alike but only few studies have tested the validity of these disorders in a sample of refugees using the International Trauma Questionnaire especially designed for assessment of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD.    Methods: Latent class analysis was used to test the validity of the ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD distinction in a heterogeneous group of 284 highly symptomatic refugees registered for treatment at a Danish treatment-center.   Results: A two-class solution fit the data best. One group reported elevated levels of PTSD-symptoms and symptoms of affective dysregulation, and one group reported elevated levels of symptoms corresponding to CPTSD. The CPTSD group was considerably larger than the PTSD-group. Discussion: The current study supports the ICD-11 distinction between PTSD and CPTSD in a sample of treatment-seeking refugees. The assistance of interpreters was needed for some of the participants which affected the reliability of the assessment. Conclusion: The ICD-11 proposal for PTSD and CPTSD is supported in a heterogenous sample of refugees using the ITQ

Towards phonon routing: controlling propagating acoustic waves in the quantum regime

We explore routing of propagating phonons in analogy with previous experiments on photons. Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in the microwave regime are scattered by a superconducting transmon qubit. The transmon can be tuned on or off resonance with the incident SAW field using an external magnetic field or the Autler-Townes effect, and thus the reflection and transmission of the SAW field can be controlled in time. We observe 80% extinction in the transmission of the low power continuous signal and a 40 ns rise time of the router. The slow propagation speed of SAWs on solid surfaces allows for in-flight manipulations of the propagating phonons. The ability to route short, 100 ns, pulses enables new functionality, for instance to catch an acoustic phonon between two qubits and then release it in a controlled direction

Microlitter in Arctic marine benthic food chains and potential effects on sediment dwelling fauna

This report provides both field and impact data on microlitter pollution in the arctic marine environment of Svalbard and Greenland. Microlitter concentrations and characteristics were determined in marine sediments and biota in relation to local sources. Higher concentrations and diversities were found closer to human settlements and sites where lost/dumped fishing gear accumulated. Thus, local microlitter sources were found to be present in the Arctic. The experimental studies on effects of microlitter on feeding rate, microplastic ingestion, respiration and locomotion activity in an arctic amphipod, confirmed previous studies showing effects only at very high concentrations, not yet relevant in the arctic environment. The relatively low field concentrations of microlitter found in this study should be regarded as a ‘window of opportunity’ to act to at least reduce local pollution