The Analgesic Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Tanacetum Parthenium on Pain in Mice in Formalin Model

Background and Objective: Tanacetum parthenium has been introduced as an analgesic agent in traditional medicine and it is widely used to relieve neuropathic pain and headache. The present study was conducted to investigate the analgesic effect of Tanacetum parthenium extract using formalin test. Methods: In an experimental study the analgesic effect of Tanacetum parthenium was evaluated by formalin test in 10 groups of 100 adult meal mice, as follows: group distilled water, groups received 10, 20, 30, 40 and 80mg/kg of alcoholic extract, respectively, group received 100 mg/kg ibuprofen, group received 0.5 mg/kg morphine, respectively, group received 0.5 mg/kg naloxon and group received naloxon and extract. Fifteen minutes before formalin injection in foot floor of mice, different doses of extract, ibuprofen, morphine and naloxone injected intraperitoneally in mice. The analgesic effects with observed animal movements and compared in different groups in 30-minute intervals and recorded in two acute and chronic phases. Findings: Among the different doses of extract, 10mg/kg has more analgesic effect in both acute and chronic phases (110.7±19.58), (61±1.15) and showed significant difference with groups ibuprofen and distilled water (p<0.05). The results indicate that the analgesic effect of Tanacetum parthenium is dose dependent and analgesic effect of the extract was inhibited by naloxon (193.6±17.35), (111.5±6.43). Conclusion: Results in this study showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of Tanacetum parthenium in both acute and chronic phases and the decrease in the analgesic effect of naloxone group is probably caused by activation of opioid system

Teratogenic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl on the skeletal system and fetal growth in Balb/c mice

زمینه و هدف: مطالعات مختلف نشان داده اند که خانم های باردار بدون توجه به تاثیرات تراتوژن بیشتر گیاهان دارویی به استفاده از این گیاهان می پردازند. از جمله این گیاهان که دارای خواص متعدد درمانی است، چای کوهی می باشد که تا به حال اثر تراتوژن آن بررسی نشده است. لذا این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر عصاره چای کوهی در غلظت های مختلف در ایجاد ناهنجاری در موش های سوری انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، 60 سر موش سوری ماده بالغ پس از جفت گیری و مشاهده پلاک واژنی، به صورت تصادفی به شش گروه (دو گروه کنترل و 4 گروه مورد) تقسیم شدند. چهار گروه مورد از روز 7 تا 12 حاملگی به مدت 6 روز عصاره چای کوهی با غلظت های 50، 100، 150 و 200 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم را به صورت داخل صفاقی دریافت کردند. در روز 18 حاملگی جنین ها از لوله رحمی خارج شدند و ابتدا وزن و قد آنها با ترازوی حساس دیجیتالی و کولیس اندازه گیری و سپس با رنگ الیزارین رد رنگ آمیزی و از نظر ناهنجاری های اسکلتی بررسی شدند. داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری کای دو، کروسکال والیس و آزمون تعقیبی دان تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: عصاره چای کوهی در دوزهای مختلف باعث اختلال در رشد (قد و وزن) جنین ها شد و این اختلال با افزایش دوز عصاره افزایش نشان داد (01/0

School, A Focal Point for Post-Traumatic Growth: The Lived Experience of Adolescent Students after Father’s Sudden Death

Introduction: Education in school is considered to be the most important part of every adolescent's life, and exposure to a traumatic experience in this disturbing period can greatly affect it. However, trauma does not only lead to negative consequences and psychological trauma, as sometimes it also induces positive changes called “post-traumatic growth”. The main objective of this study was to explore the students' lived experience of academic factors affecting their post-traumatic growth Methods: This qualitative study employed a descriptive phenomenological method. The participants were 15 male and female adolescent students sponsored by an NGO supporting orphans in Isfahan and were selected based on purposive sampling. The data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews, and analyzed by Colaizzi’s 7-step method in MAXQDA software. Results: After data analysis, 296 primary codes were extracted and classified into 11 categories. Then, 4 main themes including the school support network, teacher's role, school attachment, and academic well-being appeared in the participants' experiences. Conclusion: It can be concluded that post-traumatic growth after the father’s sudden death among adolescents is affected by several academic factors such as the school support network, teacher's role, school attachment, and academic well-being. Therefore, schools can provide a suitable context for students to reach this growth by developing and implementing appropriate counseling and intervention programs

The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl on pregnant mice

Objectives: Stachys lavandulifolia is commonly used for many health problems including anxiety. A couple of reports indicate that this plant might have an abortifacient effect on pregnant women. Here we examined this effect on pregnant mice. Materials and methods: Incremental doses of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg of the extracts or normal saline (control group) were injected intraperitoneally to the pregnant mice between 7th to 12th days of pregnancy. On day 16, uterine tubes were resected and absorbed fetuses were counted. Results: Our study showed that the different average of absorbed fetuses between treated and control groups is significant (P < 0.05). S. lavandulifolia changes the activity level of hypothalamus-pituitary gland-gonad axis due to flavonoid compounds. Also, S. lavandulifolia decreases progesterone concentration resulting in a significant difference between treated and control groups (P < 0.05) and gives rise to failure in fetus survival and consequently, abortion. The length and weight of fetuses decreased in treated groups and there was a significant difference between treated and control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Owing to the possible abortive effect of Stachys lavandulifolia, it is highly recommended to use it cautiously during pregnancy

Oral hygiene status in a general population of Iran, 2011: a key lifestyle marker in relation to common risk factors of non-communicable diseases

Background: To estimate Oral Hygiene (OH) status in the Iranian population in 2011, and to determine the influence of socio-economic characteristics on OH, and its interrelation with common risk factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Methods: Data including a total of 12,105 individuals aged 6-70 years were obtained from the sixth round of the surveys of NCDs risk factors in Iran. OH was recorded through a structured questionnaire measuring daily frequencies of tooth brushing and dental flossing. Descriptive analyses were performed on demographic characteristics in the complex sample survey setting. We also employed weighted binary logistic regression to compute Odds Ratio (OR) as a measure of association between the response and explanatory factors. Furthermore, to construct an asset index, we utilized Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The percentage with minimum recommended daily OH practices was 3.7% among men and 7.7% among women (OR= 2.3; P < 0.001). Urban citizens were more likely to have their teeth cleaned compared to rural people (OR= 2.8; P < 0.001). For both genders, a relatively better condition was observed in the 25–34 age group (male: 5.6%; female: 10.3%). In addition, OH status improved significantly by increase in both level of education ( P < 0.001) and economic status ( P < 0.001). There were also apparent associations between self-care practices and specific behavioral risk factors, though the correlation with dietary habits and tobacco use could be largely explained by socio-economic factors. Conclusion: OH situation in Iran calls for urgent need to assign proper interventions and strategies toward raising public awareness and reducing disparities in access to health facilities

Effect of Euphorbia helioscopia extract on acute and chronic pain in mice

Most of analgesics have side effects and introducing new drags is essential. Euphorbia helioscopia is a medicinal plant which is used by people in Chaharmahal Bakhtiary province of Iran as a painkiller. This experiment was performed to study the analgesic effect of an alcoholic extract from the aerial parts of Euphorbia helioscopia by formalin test. METHODS: In an experimental study 100 Balb/c mice were divided into 10 groups as follows: group 1 received distilled water, group 2 to 7 received 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 2 and 8mg/mouse of alcoholic extract, respectively. Group 8 received 6 mg/kg ibuprofen, group 9, 1 mg/kg naloxone and group 10 received naloxone and extract. The pain-related behavior was counted for a period of 30 min, following injection of 20 microliter of 1.5 formalin. The data obtained in case groups were compared with the ones in control group. The plant was extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96. The extract was then concentrated and reconstructed in normal saline to produce different desired concentrations. FINDINGS: In the first 5 minutes (acute period) of the experiment 8mg/mouse of the extract and in the following 25 minutes, 0.1 and 8mg/mouse of the extract reduced pain reaction, compared to control group (p<0.05). Naloxone had no effect on this effect of the extract. CONCLUSION: Euphorbia helioscopia has antinociceptive activity that is not due to interaction with opioid system

Effect of Euphorbia helioscopia on acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in Balb/c mice

زمینه و هدف: فلاونوئیدها ترکیبات پلی فنولیک با اثر آنتی اکسیدانی هستند که باعث کاهش درد می شوند. شیرمال (Euphorbia helioscopia) گیاهی است حاوی ترکیبات فلاونوئیدی که در این تحقیق اثر آن بر کاهش انقباضات شکمی ناشی از اسید استیک مطالعه شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مداخله ای، اثر عصاره الکلی شیرمال بر انقباضات شکمی (رایتینگ) ناشی از اسید استیک در مـــوش Balb/c مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در این روش 110 مــوش با محدوده وزنی 5±25 گرم به 11 گروه ده تایی تقسیـم شدند. گروه 1 دریافت کننده آب مقطر و هر کدام از موش های گروه 2 تا 7 به ترتیب 05/0، 1/0، 2/0، 4/0، 2 و 8 میلی گرم از عصاره را دریافت کردند. گروه 8 و 9 به ترتیب 6 و 12 میلی گرم بر کیلو گرم ایبوپروفن و گروه 10 و 11 نالوکسان (1 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم) یا نالوکسان و عصاره را دریافت کردند. تعداد عکس العمل (رایتینگ) موش ها در گروه های دریافت کننده عصاره شمارش و با نتایج گروه شاهد مقایسه شد. عصاره گیری با استفاده از اتانول 96 به طریقه ماسراسیون انجام و توسط تقطیر در خلاء تغلیظ شد. عصاره غلیظ شده در آب مقطــــر حل و دوز های مختلف عصاره به دست آمد. نتـایج با آزمون های آماری کروسکال والیس و تعقیبی دان تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: عصاره mg/mouse 8 گیاه شیرمال در مقایسه با گروه کنترل به طور معنی داری باعث کاهش میزان انقباضات شکمی در موش شد (05/0

Effect of kelussia odoratissima mozaffarian on lipid and glucose profile

Background: Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties that help reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Kelussia odoratissima is a flavonoid-containing plant, the effect of which was analyzed on decreasing blood lipid levels in mice. Objectives: The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the anti-hyperlipidemia effects of this herb on mice. Materials and Methods: In this preclinical study, 70 Balb/c mice were divided to five 14-member groups and received normal diet, normal diet containing 5% olive oil, high cholesterol (2% cholesterol and 5% olive oil) diet and high cholesterol diet accompanied by Kelussia odoratissima 10% or 20% hydro-alcoholic extract. After two weeks, blood samples were taken and cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured. Results: In this animal model, the levels of all serum lipids including cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, LDL, triglyceride and FBS had a significant decrease two weeks after the beginning of the study. Moreover, at the same time, in the group that received 20% hydro-alcoholic extract, the serum levels of cholesterol, HDL and LDL had a significant decrease (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Kelussia odoratissima might have a desirable effect on serum lipid profile and might have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemic patients

Effects of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian (KOM) extract on blood lipid in Balb/c mice

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: فلاونوییدها یک گروه از ترکیبات پلی فنولیک با خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی می باشند و به کاهش خطر بیماری های قلبی عروقی کمک می کند. کرفس کوهی (Kelussia odoratissima Mozoffarian) گیاهی است حاوی فلاونویید که در این تحقیق اثر آن بر کاهش چربی خون در موش سوری مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 70 سر موش بالغ سوری نژاد Balb/c به 5 گروه 14 سری تقسیم شدند. به گروه 1 (کنترل) غذای معمولی، گروه 2 غذای معمولی به علاوه روغن زیتون، گروه 3 غذای با درصد کلسترول بالا (کلسترول 5+روغن زیتون)، گروه 4 رژیم پر کلسترول به همراه عصاره هیدروالکلی 10 کرفس کوهی و به گروه 5 رژیم پر کلسترول به همراه عصاره های هیدروالکلی 20 کرفس کوهی به مدت دو هفته داده شد. در پایان دو هفته از موش ها خونگیری و فاکتورهای چربی خون شامل کلسترول، تری گلیسرید، لیپوپروتیین با دانسیته پایین (LDL)، لیپوپروتیین با دانسیته بسیار کم (VLDL)، لیپوپروتیین با دانسیته بالا (HDL) و قند خون ناشتا ( ( FBSاندازه گیری و اطلاعات با کمک آزمون آماری کروسکال والیس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: بدنبال دو هفته تغذیه با عصاره گیاه کرفس کوهی سطوح تمام لیپیدهای سرم شامل کلسترول، HDL، VLDL، LDL و تری گلیسرید و قند خون ناشتا در گروه با عصاره هیدروالکلی 10 گیاه کاهش معنی داری داشت (05/0