Physiological comparison between non-athletes, endurance, power and team athletes.

We hypothesized that endurance athletes have lower muscle power than power athletes due to a combination of weaker and slower muscles, while their higher endurance is attributable to better oxygen extraction, reflecting a higher muscle oxidative capacity and larger stroke volume. Endurance (n = 87; distance runners, road cyclists, paddlers, skiers), power (n = 77; sprinters, throwers, combat sport athletes, body builders), team (n = 64; basketball, soccer, volleyball) and non-athletes (n = 223) performed a countermovement jump and an incremental running test to estimate their maximal anaerobic and aerobic power (VO2max), respectively. Dynamometry and M-mode echocardiography were used to measure muscle strength and stroke volume. The VO2max (L min-1) was larger in endurance and team athletes than in power athletes and non-athletes (p < 0.05). Athletes had a larger stroke volume, left ventricular mass and left ventricular wall thickness than non-athletes (p < 0.02), but there were no significant differences between athlete groups. The higher anaerobic power in power and team athletes than in endurance athletes and non-athletes (p < 0.001) was associated with a larger force (p < 0.001), but not faster contractile properties. Endurance athletes (20.6%) had a higher (p < 0.05) aerobic:anaerobic power ratio than controls and power and team athletes (14.0-15.3%). The larger oxygen pulse, without significant differences in stroke volume, in endurance than power athletes indicates a larger oxygen extraction during exercise. Power athletes had stronger, but not faster, muscles than endurance athletes. The similar VO2max in endurance and team athletes and similar jump power in team and power athletes suggest that concurrent training does not necessarily impair power or endurance performance

Aerobic exercise-induced changes in body composition and blood lipids in young women

The objective of the study was to assess changes in body composition, blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 18–24-year-old women during the period of two-month aerobic cycling training. Material and methods. Young, healthy, nonsmoking women (n=19) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided in two groups: experimental (E, n=10) and control (C, n=9). The subjects of group E exercised 3 times a week with intensity of the first ventilatory threshold and duration of 60 min. The group C did not exercise regularly over a two-month period of the experiment. The subjects of group E were tested before and after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of the experiment. The participants of group C were tested twice with an eight-week interval. Results. Body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-ch) concentration increased after the 8-week training program in the experimental group (P&lt;0.05). Blood total cholesterol (Tch) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-ch) concentrations did not change significantly. Body weight and body mass index started to decrease after 2 weeks of the experiment, but significant changes were observed only after 6 and 8 weeks. Body fat mass was significantly decreased after 2 and 8 weeks of aerobic training. A significant increase in HDL-ch concentration was observed after 4, 6, and 8 weeks. A significant decrease in TAG concentration was observed after 2-week training. No significant changes in all the parameters except TAG (it was slightly increased) were seen in the control group. Conclusions. The two-month aerobic cycling training (within VT1, 60-min duration, three times a week) may induce significant changes in the parameters of body composition – body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and blood lipids – in young women. The following significant changes were observed: TAG level decreased after 2 weeks, body mass and body mass index decreased after 6 weeks, body fat mass decreased and HDL-ch level increased after 8 weeks. Peak oxygen uptake increased after 4 weeks

Rowers aerobic capacity change at different stages of the annual training

Tyrimo objektas – irkluotojų aerobinis pajėgumas. Literatūros šaltinių teigimu, talentingų sportininkų paieška, jų atranka ir sportinis rengimas – viena svarbiausių šiuolaikinio sporto problemų. Svarbiausia yra sudaryti palankias sąlygas siekti puikių sportinių rezultatų, todėl turėtų būti tinkamai sutvarkyta sportininkų rengimo sistema: treniruotės metodika, organizavimas, kontrolė ir valdymas. Irkluotojai varžosi klasikiniame 2000 m nuotolyje. Nuotolio įveikimo trukmė – nuo 5 min 20 s iki 9 min – priklauso nuo valčių klasės, meistriškumo ir nuo oro sąlygų. Irklavime sportinius rezultatus sąlygoja sportininkų fizinio ir funkcinio pajėgumo lygmuo. Lietuvoje irkluotojų parengtumui kontroliuoti ir stebėti per mažai atliekama fiziologinių testavimų, todėl manome, kad šiai problemai spręsti tikslinga pasitelkti sporto mokslo tyrimų metodologiją. Tyrime dalyvavo aštuoni didelio meistriškumo akademinio irklavimo sportininkai, kurių amžius – 19,0 ± 1,6 metų, ūgis – 181,3 ± 6,4 cm, svoris – 75,3 ± 9,2 kg. Kūno sudėties rodikliai buvo nustatomi specialiomis svarstyklėmis „Tanita Body Composition Analyzer TBF‑300“ (Japonija). Aerobinis pajėgumas tirtas nuosekliai didinant krūvį, atliekamą irklavimo ergometru CONCEPT II. Viso tyrimo ir atsigavimo metu naudojant nešiojamąją sistemą „Oxycon Mobile“ (Jaeger, Vokietija) buvo registruojami dujų apykaitos rodikliai: deguonies suvartojimas (VO2), anglies dioksido išskyrimo greitis (VCO2), kvėpavimo dažnis, kvėpavimo tūris ir plaučių ventiliacija (Ve). ŠSD viso krūvio ir atsigavimo metu buvo registruojamas naudojant telemetrinį ŠSD matuoklį „Polar S810i“ (Polar, Suomija). Kapiliarinio kraujo mėginiai buvo imami iš piršto praėjus 5 min po nuosekliai didinamo krūvio. Buvo apskaičiuojami rodiklių aritmetiniai vidurkiai ir standartiniai nuokrypiai. Taikyta kartotinių bandymų dispersinė analizė. Skaičiavimai atlikti IBM SPSS „Statistics“ 19 ir MS „Excel“ 2010 programomis. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti irkluotojų aerobinio pajėgumo kaitą skirtingais metinės treniruotės laikotarpiais. Tyrimo uždaviniai: nustatyti irkluotojų submaksimalius aerobinės ištvermės rodiklius skirtingais metinio ciklo laikotarpiais; nustatyti irkluotojų maksimalius aerobinės ištvermės rodiklius skirtingais metinio ciklo laikotarpiais. [...]Research object – rowers‘ aerobic capacity. According to the literature, selection and preparation of talented athletes is one of the most important issues in contemporary sport. The key is to facilitate the achievement of high level sports performance, and athletes training system should be properly designed, including training methods, organization, control and management. Rowing competition is held in classical 2000 m distance. The duration of the race is from 5 min 20 s to 9 min depending on boat class, performance level and the weather. Rowing sports performance is caused by the athlete’s physical and functional capacity level. In the changing socioeconomic conditions for the sport development in the conditions of the increasing competition there is a problem how to improve performance level of the elite rowers of Lithuania. Aiming to win medals in major competitions conditions, it is important to monitor athletes during physiological stress. However, there is shortage in research of the preparation process of the rowers of Lithuania for the Olympics: their physical training load, body physical and functional abilities change and development. [...

Anaerobic performance during cycling ergometry in women's sports aerobics athletes with different level of training

The aim of the study was to determine the anaerobic performance during cycling ergometry in differently trained sports aerobics women athletes...[Visą santraukos tekstą skaitykite spustelėję interneto prieigos nuorodą]

Influence of prior aerobic exercise of different intensity on heart rate kinetics during intermittent increasing cycling exercise

This study was aimed to determine the influence of prior aerobic exercise of different intensity on heart rate (HR) kinetics during intermittent increasing cycling exercise (ICE). Eight healthy, non-smoking, physically active male students (age — 22.5 (2.6) years, height — 1.8 (0.3) m, weight — 69.6 (9.8) kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Each subject was tested three times on separate days. During the first visit the ICE was performed on the mechanically braked cycle ergometer (Monark 834E, Monark-Crescent AB, Sweden) and the pedaling rate was 70 rpm. The test consisted of 3 min repeated work and 4 min passive rest intervals. No special warm-up was performed. The work rate of the first work period was set to 50 W. Thereafter the intensity was increased by 25 W during each consecutive work period. The HR was continuously monitored and recorded using short-range telemetry “Polar S810” (Finland). The ICE test was continued until the subjects’ HR achieved over 80% age predicted HR maximum. The lactate threshold (LT) was estimated by indirect method using absolute values of HR at recovery period during ICE (Stasiulis, 1997). During the second and third visits the subjects randomly performed moderate exercise (25 W below LT) (ME) or heavy exercise (25 W above LT) (HE) for 30 min and after 5 min of rest repeated ICE protocol. At rest, at 5th, 10th, 20th and 30th min of ME or HE fingertip blood samples were collected into capillary tubes and subsequently analyzed for... [to full text

The effect of calorie restricted diet on body compoisition and blood lipids concentration

The aim of this research was to measure the effect of calorie restricted diet on some indexes of body composition and lipoprotein concentration. This research was carried out to estimate the indexes of body composition (skinfold thickness, the percentage of body fat), the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and the concentration of blood lipoproteins before and after calorie restricted diet. Eight healthy women aged from 28 to 46 years participated in the research. The women where selected at random. All the participants filled in the questionnaire about their life style, harmful habits and physical activity. Participating women were healthy, non-smoking, leading a sedentary way of life and not using alcoholic beverages. For one and a half months three times a week during the research the women where on a calorie restricted diet, and they got 1300 ± 100 kcal with food, the other days they had regular meals. The proportions of the main nutrients coressponded to those recommended. During the research, the women registered their usual nutrition ration. The indexes of the body composition, skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, serum total cholesterol (Tchol), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-ch), and triglyceride (TG) concentration were estimated before and after the calorie restricted diet lasting for one and a half month. The participating women’s body mass and body mass index significantly decreased because of the calorie restricted diet. The decrease of... [to full text

The effect of two months interval endurance training on aerobic capacity in sedentary women

The aim of the research was to determine effect of two months interval endurance training on aerobic capacity in sedentary women. Eight healthy females (age = 26,6±2,5 year (means ± SD); stature = 168,25 ± 5,9; body mass = 67,71 ± 13,50) were involved in 8 weeks duration interval endurance training (IET). The training session consisted of 8 repeats of the following intervals: 4 min running at constant moderate intensity followed by 2 min walking (at 5 km/h) and 2 min resting periods. The testees performed 3 training sessions per week separated by 1-2 days of rest. The initial intensity of training with 90% of the first ventilation thresholds was estimated after completion of incremental running test (IT) until exhaustion and it was repeated every four weeks. We measured these parameters: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), oxygen uptake (VO2) at the first and the second ventilation thresholds (VT1, VT2), blood lactate concentration [La], and maximal heart rate (HRmax). We did not detect significant differences in VO2max (CT: 39.876 ± 4.524 after 2 months IET 40.746 ± 3.393 ml/kg/min-1), VO2 at the VT1 (CT: 2.064±0.348 after 2 months IET 2.069 ± 0.250 l/min-1), at the VT2 (CT: 2.064±0.348 after 2 months IET 2.069 ± 0.250 l/min-1), and HRmax (CT: 194.6±7.6 after 2 months IET 193.3 ± 7.6 bt/min-1) among these parameters in pre-training and post-training periods. However, HR (CT: 174.8 ± 8.9 after 2 months IET 169.6 ± 12.8 beats/min-1) and speed (CT: 9.0 ± 0.8 after 2 months IET: 9.8 ± 0.7 km/h-1) at the VT1 and maximal speed (CT: 12.9 ± 1.9 after 2 months IET: 13.6 ± 13.6 km/h-1) significantly decreased after 2 months of IET. The speed at the VT2 (CT: 10.9 ± 1.0 after 1 month IET: 11.7 ± 0.9 km/h-1) significantly increased and body mass decreased (CT: 67.7 ± 13.5 after 1 month IET: 66.28 ± 11.4 kg) after 1 month of IET. The research results showed that 2 months of IET did not have positive significant effect on aerobic capacity, though, tolerance of performance had improved and body mass had decreased in examined sedentary women

Studenčių širdies susitraukimų dažnio ir jo variabilumo lėtosios adaptacijos eiga dėl aerobinių pratybų poveikio

Lietuvos sporto universitetasVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Bėgikų sistolinio arterinio kraujospūdžio po krūvio, širdies susitraukimų dažnio krūvio metu ir miokardo struktūros tarpusavio sąsaja

Endurance running is an exercise practiced by athletes in many sports. Being beneficial to health, it is also undertaken by a great number of non-athletic individuals. Rigorous endurance training frequently induces symmetric (i. e. both ventricular chamber dilation and wall thickening) myocardial hypertrophy, which is a physiological adaptation. Although distance running is a sport associated with haemodynamic volume rather than pressure overload, in addition to enlarged cardiac output, systolic arterial blood pressure also considerably increases during running. The extent of the cardiac hypertrophy was shown to be correlated with peak blood pressure measured during laboratory exercise. However, the predominant type of myocardial hypertrophy (the ratio between the myocardial wall thickness and chamber size) in endurance runners remains contradictory, and the majority of the responsible factors are still to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine possible correlations between post-run systolic blood pressure and myocardial hypertrophy in endurance runners. Standard transthoracic two-dimensional M-mode echocardiography was performed in white adult male distance runners (n = 49) of national level within four weeks of treadmill testing, which was a non-continuous incremental exercise test employed for the determination of the heart rate as well as post-exertional systolic blood pressure response. Runners’ training volume (evaluated as the average number of hours per... [to full text