Effects of the Lr34 and Lr46 rust-resistance genes on other diseases of wheat

Lr34 and Lr46 are adult plant resistance genes providing durable resistance to biotrophic diseases of wheat like rusts and powdery mildew. In seedlings, these genes increased susceptibility to Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, in near-isogenic lines (NILs) of spring wheats Lal Bahadur (LB) and Avocet and mutant lines developed from LB, but not in an Lr34 NIL of Jupateco. A similar effect was observed in adult plants with artificial inoculation in polytunnels. The role of leaf age in Lr34 and Lr46 resistance to mildew and susceptibility to STB was tested. It was hypothesised that enhanced senescence can make leaves more resistant to biotrophs but more susceptible to necrotrophs. In young leaves, LB was less susceptible to STB than Lr34 or Lr46 NILs. The opposite pattern was observed in older leaves. There was higher expression of genes associated with senescence and cell death in LB-Lr34 than in LB, indicating that Lr34 may enhance senescence. Metabolites associated with senescing leaves accumulated to a higher level in Z.tritici-infected LB-Lr34 NILs than in LB. In seedlings, Lr34 and Lr46 favoured the non-biotrophic fungi Magnoporthe grisea, the wheat blast pathogen, and Ramularia collo-cygni, the Ramularia leaf spot pathogen of barley. Lr34 reduced spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) in field trials but no conclusive results were obtained for tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) or Fusarium head blight (FHB; Fusarium graminearum). These results presented indicate that there may be significant consequences for the use of Lr34 and Lr46 to control rust and mildew in areas where necrotrophic diseases are prevalent, including some which have not previously been economically significant on wheat, and that plant breeding strategies to control multiple diseases simultaneously are required. They also indicate that the potential to breed varieties in which the adverse effects of these genes are mitigated

Mortality and morbidity profile of preterm very low birth weight infants: A prospective longitudinal observational study

Objective: To study the survival to discharge and immediate outcome of preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Materials and Methods: Design: Prospective observational longitudinal study. Setting: Level II neonatal intensive care unit in a tertiary care center. Subjects: All live born inborn babies with birth weight 401-1499 g or gestational age between 22 weeks 0 day and 31 weeks 9 days. Outcome: Key outcome was survival to discharge for preterm VLBW infants. Incidence of major morbidities was assessed. Results: Of 183 neonates enrolled in the study, 73.2% babies were alive at initial disposition. Respiratory distress syndrome was the most common morbidity, and infection was the most common cause of death. Lower gestational age and low APGAR score at 1 min were the most significant predictors of poor outcome. Conclusion: This study provides a baseline database for evaluating the efficiency of perinatal services in a tertiary care center. Further large-scale trials are needed to substantiate our findings and to study neurodevelopmental outcome of VLBW infants

Branching Pattern of Coronary Arteries in Prenatal Heart of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

ABSTRACT The present investigation revealed that the left and right coronary arteries of buffalo foetii arose from the left caudal and right caudal aortic sinuses, respectively. After coursing a short distance under left auricle, the left coronary artery was divided into paraconal inter-ventricular artery and circumflex branch. Paraconal inter-ventricular branch ran in the left longitudinal groove and before reaching the apex it curved upward and anastomosed with the continuation of circumflex branch in the right longitudinal groove. The circumflex branch ran in the coronary groove caudally and gave intermediate branch on posterior border and later continued in right longitudinal groove to anastomose with the continuation of paraconal inter-ventricular branch. Right coronary artery passed under the right auricle and divided into 2 main branches. One branch anastomosed with the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in the coronary groove and the second one was septal artery and supplied the inter-ventricular septum

COLLATED UPSHOT OF INDIGENOUS DRUGS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PARIKARTIKA W.S.R TO FISSURE-IN-ANO

The deleterious dietetic habit and regimes leads to digestive disturbances; which further leads to disturbances in bowel habits. Among these disorders Parikartika is one in which patient experiences unendurable pain during and after defecation, burning sensation etc. due to agony of pain patient avoids to defecate, hence constipated. Fissure-in-ano afflicts both sexes but males suffer posteriorly while females suffer anteriorly. Until now some drugs were tried as an external application to relieve the pain and healing of the ulcer. This study was conducted to find the efficacy Ayurvedic drug over the standard modern drug. The patients attending OPD & IPD of Jammu Institute of Ayurveda and Research College and Hospital, were the source for study. 30 patients were clinically diagnosed as Parikartika were selected randomly and divided into two groups. Group A: Comprised of 15 patients and they were administered internally with Vedanasthapana Kshaya 1 Pala b.d, Erandbhrshta Haritaki at bed time, local application of Karpoora Ghrita 4 times a day and sitz bath with Panchvalakala Kwatha three times a day and before and after the defecation. Group B: Consisted of 15 patients and were administered internally with Ofloxacin, Ornidazole (200+500mg) combination b.d, Diclofenac sodium (50mg) b.d, Sodium picosulfate 1 tsf bedtime, sitz bath with lukewarm water. Duration of treatment was two months. The patients were followed up fortnightly for a period of two months. Both the groups had shown statistically significant changes. The therapy provided significant relief and healing of ulcer in this study. Therefore prescription from Bhaishjya Ratnawali of Karpoora Ghrita and Pachvalkala Kwatha along with Acharya Charak prescription of Vedanasthapana Kshaya and Anubhutta Yoga of Erandbhrshta Haritaki showed good and alternative result for the modern standard prescription

SUSHRUTA’S GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FRACTURE CARE TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT

Orthopedic conditions are well explained and documented in the literature of Ayurveda in the name of “Bhagna Chikitsa”. Many of the new techniques are developed for the management as per the condition. Acharya Sushruta described exclusively about fracture, its etiology, classification and various modalities of the management. Bhagna in ancient period were commonly encountered problem occurs in wars and attacks by animals etc but in the present time these are commonly as a result of RTA. Bhagna was explained by Acharaya Sushruta depending upon nature of trauma, shape of fracture, displacement of fracture fragments and fracture with or without wound. If it occurs in the bone it is called as Kand bhagna (bone fracture) and in the joint it is called as Sandhimoksha (dislocation). The principle of fracture management defined by Acharya Sushruta centuries ago are as per condition suggests conservative or surgical treatment. Conservative modalities includes Kushabandha, Alepa, Chakrayoga, Taila Droni, etc are still relevant. The western medicines takes over in the management of complicated fractures with the introduction of many surgical instruments like the intramedullary nails, etc & delays fracture union and healing potential. This paper expounds the wisdom of orthopedic branch in ancient times especially fracture & its management with possible modern correlation and how much knowledge existed and how well organized was it so many centuries ago. It would be worthwhile to explore these unique features for use in present times. The concepts, theories and techniques practiced several thousand years ago hold true even in today’s modern era

A Proteomic and Cellular Analysis of Uropods in the Pathogen Entamoeba histolytica

Exposure of Entamoeba histolytica to specific ligands induces cell polarization via the activation of signalling pathways and cytoskeletal elements. The process leads to formation of a protruding pseudopod at the front of the cell and a retracting uropod at the rear. In the present study, we show that the uropod forms during the exposure of trophozoites to serum isolated from humans suffering of amoebiasis. To investigate uropod assembly, we used LC-MS/MS technology to identify protein components in isolated uropod fractions. The galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine lectin, the immunodominant antigen M17 (which is specifically recognized by serum from amoeba-infected persons) and a few other cells adhesion-related molecules were primarily involved. Actin-rich cytoskeleton components, GTPases from the Rac and Rab families, filamin, α-actinin and a newly identified ezrin-moesin-radixin protein were the main factors found to potentially interact with capped receptors. A set of specific cysteine proteases and a serine protease were enriched in isolated uropod fractions. However, biological assays indicated that cysteine proteases are not involved in uropod formation in E. histolytica, a fact in contrast to the situation in human motile immune cells. The surface proteins identified here are testable biomarkers which may be either recognized by the immune system and/or released into the circulation during amoebiasis

Strangulation injury from indigenous rocking cradle

Indigenously made rocking cradle is frequently used in rural India. We report strangulation from an indigenously made rocking cradle in an 11-month-old female child. The unique mode of injury and its mechanism have been discussed. Strangulation is an important cause of homicidal and suicidal injury in adults but in children it is usually accidental leading to death due to asphyxia as a result of partial hanging. In western countries, it is the third most common cause of accidental childhood deaths, 17% of them being due to ropes and cords. It ranks fourth amongst the causes of unintentional injury in children less than 1 year of age following roadside accidents, drowning and burns. However, in India, strangulation injury is under reported although indigenous rocking cradles are very commonly used in rural India, and they are even more dangerous than the cribs and adult beds as there are no safety mechanisms therein. We report a case of accidental strangulation following suspension from an indigenously made rocking cradle. The unique mode of injury has prompted us to report this case