The mental health system in Brazil: Policies and future challenges

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Dementia caregiver burden: reliability of the Brazilian version of the Zarit caregiver burden interview

The object of this article is to examine the reliability of the Brazilian version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI). The instrument is a 22-item scale assessing the extent to which caregivers view their responsibilities as having an adverse impact on their social life, health, emotional well-being, and finances. We assessed 50 primary informal caregivers of demented patients coming from 3 different health care centers, using the test-retest method. Analysis of the results showed an intraclass reliability coefficient of 0.88, while Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.77 for the test and 0.80 for the retest items. The Brazilian version of ZBI shows sufficient reliability, comparable to the original version

Prevalence and Correlates of Functional Status in an Older Community-Representative Sample in Brazil

Objective: Information on dependency level of elderly in rapidly aging developing countries is limited, but this is needed to ascertain the extent of need for help with activities of daily living (ADLs). Method: In-person information was obtained in 1995 from a statewide survey of representative community residents >= 60 years of age in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (N = 7,040), on demographic characteristics, health conditions, social ties, health behaviors, and ADL performance. Results: Nearly 40% needed help with one or more ADLs. in controlled analyses, need for help approximately doubled with each succeeding decade. Increased education and income and regular physical activity reduced risk. Selected health conditions (stroke, depression, poor self-rated health) were consistently associated with need for help. Discussion: A large proportion of noninstitutionalized elderly have ADL problems. in addition to health care, interventions promoting equity of access to education and economic opportunity could reduce ADL dependency in coming generations.Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Study Aging & Human Dev, Durham, NC 27710 USAVet Adm Med Ctr, Durham, NC USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Dementia caregiver burden: reliability of the Brazilian version of the Zarit caregiver burden interview

The object of this article is to examine the reliability of the Brazilian version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI). The instrument is a 22-item scale assessing the extent to which caregivers view their responsibilities as having an adverse impact on their social life, health, emotional well-being, and finances. We assessed 50 primary informal caregivers of demented patients coming from 3 different health care centers, using the test-retest method. Analysis of the results showed an intraclass reliability coefficient of 0.88, while Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.77 for the test and 0.80 for the retest items. The Brazilian version of ZBI shows sufficient reliability, comparable to the original version

The association of health and income in the elderly: experience from a southern state of Brazil.

In high income, developed countries, health status tends to improve as income increases, but primarily through the 50(th)-66(th) percentile of income. It is unclear whether the same limitation holds in middle income countries, and for both general assessments of health and specific conditions.Data were obtained from Brazil, a middle income country. In-person interviews with a representative sample of community residents age ≥ 60 (N=6963), in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, obtained information on demographic characteristics including household income and number of persons supported, general health status (self-rated health, functional status), depression, and seven physician-diagnosed, self-reported health conditions. Analyses used household income (adjusted for number supported and economies of scale) together with higher order income terms, and controlled for demographics and comorbidities, to ascertain nonlinearity between income and general and specific health measures.In fully controlled analyses income was associated with general measures of health (linearly with self-rated health, nonlinearly with functional status). For specific health measures there was a consistent linear association with depression, pulmonary disorders, renal disorders, and sensory impairment. For musculoskeletal, cardiovascular (negative association), and gastrointestinal disorders this association no longer held when comorbidities were controlled. There was no association with diabetes.Contrary to findings in high income countries, the association of household-size-adjusted income with health was generally linear, sometimes negative, and sometimes absent when comorbidities were controlled

Sample characteristics by presence or absence of self-reported arthritis.

a<p>p-value and d.f. (degrees of freedom) based on chi square test; there are missing data for some variables.</p

Concomitants of arthritis. Multivariable logistic regression for total sample.

<p>OR  =  Odds ratio.</p><p>CI  =  Confidence Interval.</p

Exposure to violence and mental health problems in low and middle-income countries:a literature review

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological evidence on the prevalence of exposure to violence and its relationship with mental health problems in low and middle-income countries. METHOD: The search was based on cross-sectional and cohort studies available in electronic databases (Medline, Psycinfo, Embase, SciELO and Lilacs), through July 2009, using the key words: violence and mental disorders. RESULTS: The frequency of exposure to violence was shown to be very high and was significantly associated with mental health problems. Among children, the highest correlation was found to be of domestic violence with externalizing problems (OR = 9.5; 95% CI = 3.4-26.2), and suicidal ideation with sexual abuse (OR = 8.3; p < 0.05); among women, depression/anxiety symptoms correlated with intimate-partner psychological (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.8-5.8) and sexual (OR = 9.7; 95% CI = 1.9-51.2) violence. In the general population, the highest prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder were associated with sexual and domestic violence, kidnapping, and cumulative trauma exposure. Violence also correlated with common mental disorders. CONCLUSION: A substantial part of the mental health problems in low and middle-income countries can be attributed to violence. Thus, interventions directed to decrease violence in low and middle-income countries might have a major positive impact on the mental health of those living in these settings.OBJETIVO: Estudar os achados epidemiológicos sobre a prevalência de exposição à violência e a associação entre exposição à violência e problemas de saúde mental em países em desenvolvimento. MÉTODO: A revisão foi baseada em estudos de corte transversal e de coorte encontrados em bases de dados eletrônicas (Medline, Psycinfo, Embase, SciELO e Lilacs) até o mês de julho de 2009. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: violência e transtornos mentais. RESULTADOS: Exposição à violência em países em desenvolvimento é bastante frequente e está significantemente associada a problemas de saúde mental. Em crianças, a maior associação encontrada foi entre violência doméstica e problemas de externalização (OR = 9,5; IC 95% = 3,4-26,2), e entre ideação suicida e abuso sexual (OR = 8,3; p < 0,05); entre as mulheres, sintomas de depressão e ansiedade estão correlacionados com violência conjugal psicológica (OR = 3,2; IC 95% = 1,8-5,8) e violência sexual (OR = 9,7; 95% IC = 1,9-51,2). Na população geral, as maiores taxas de prevalência de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático estão associadas com violência sexual e doméstica, sequestro, e exposição a múltiplos eventos traumáticos. Violência também está associada com transtornos mentais comuns na população geral. CONCLUSÃO: uma parte importante dos problemas de saúde mental em países em desenvolvimento pode ser atribuída à violência. Portanto, intervenções voltadas para a redução da violência poderiam ter um impacto significativo na redução de problemas de saúde mental nesses países.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PsiquiatriaKing's College London institute of Psychiatry Health Service and Population Research departamentUniversidade Católica de SantosUNIFESP, Depto. de PsiquiatriaSciEL