Privatizacija obveščevalne dejavnosti v sodobnem varnostnem okolju

Cilj prispevka je opozoriti na pojav privatizacije obveščevalne dejavnosti na varnostnem področju. Kateri so tisti ključni dejavniki, ki so pripeljali do privatizacije obveščevalne dejavnosti, kdo so tisti, ki izvajajo zasebno obveščevalno dejavnost in kako se obveščevalna dejavnost države razlikuje od obveščevalne dejavnosti zasebnih subjektov, so ključna vprašanja, s katerimi se bomo ukvarjali v tem prispevku. Analizirali bomo tudi pravno podlago za razvoj obveščevalne dejavnosti zasebnih subjektov v Republiki Sloveniji

Neke psihološke i pravne karakteristike korištenja neubrojivosti u obrani na suđenjima za ratne zločine u Europi

In trials against war criminals, the defendants often plead not guilty by reason of insanity in an effort to avoid assuming responsibility for the charged acts. The paper discusses the history of the insanity defence and some factors that might explain why war crimes are committed. The authors concentrate primarily on the psychological elements of insanity and the reasons for extreme violence appearing at the individual level. Persons charged with war crimes often use post-traumatic stress disorder as the basis for an insanity defence. The authors also consider insanity from the perspective of international criminal law. By explicitly and precisely defining insanity, the Rome Statute moved away from the general provisions employed by the Nuremberg Tribunal, while at the same time making a clear distinction between insanity and incapacity for trial. Insanity may be a complete defence resulting in exclusion of the criminal act and exclusion of the offender’s culpability.Na suđenjima ratnim zločincima optuženici su se često izjašnjavali da nisu krivi zbog neubrojivosti u nastojanju da izbjegnu preuzimanje odgovornosti za kaznena djela za koja su optuženi. Rad razmatra povijest korištenja neubrojivosti za obranu i neke čimbenike koji bi mogli objasniti zašto su neki ratni zločini počinjeni. Autori se usredotočuju prvenstveno na psihološke elemente neubrojivosti i razloge za ekstremno nasilje, koje se pojavljuje na individualnoj razini. Osobe koje se terete za ratne zločine često koriste posttraumatski stresni poremećaj kao osnovu za korištenje neubrojivosti u obrani. Autori također razmatraju neubrojivost iz perspektive međunarodnog kaznenog prava. Rimski statut se sa izričitim i preciznim definiranjem neubrojivosti odmaknuo od općih odredaba, upotrjebljenih na Nürnberškom sudu, u isto vrijeme čineći jasnu razliku između neubrojivosti i nesposobnosti za suđenje. Neubrojivost može činiti cjelovitu obranu, koja rezultira isključenjem kaznenog djela i isključenjem krivnje počinitelja

The perception of declarative threats of national security in Slovenian society

Namen prispevka: V članku predstavljamo deklarativne vire ogrožanja nacionalne varnosti RS v obdobju zadnjih dveh desetletij, kot so jih obravnavali strateški dokumenti RS in kot so jih zaznavali prebivalci RS. Metode: Opravljena je bila analiza deklarativnih virov ogrožanja ter predstavitev in interpretacija rezultatov že izvedenih raziskav o zaznavi virov ogrožanja v Sloveniji. V najnovejši raziskavi o zaznavi deklarativnih virov ogrožanja je bil uporabljen vprašalnik na reprezentativnem vzorcu polnoletnih prebivalcev Republike Slovenije iz 24 občin (N = 961). Ugotovitve: Kot najbolj ogrožajoč vir ogrožanja in tveganja nacionalni varnosti RS na globalni ravni prebivalci izpostavljajo globalna finančna, gospodarska in socialna tveganja (npr. zmanjšana stopnja zaposlenosti prebivalstva ter obsežnejša ali celo splošna socialna kriza zaradi globalnih finančnih in gospodarskih tveganj ter zmanjševanje blaginje Republike Slovenije). Med viri nadnacionalnega porekla so prebivalci kot najbolj ogrožajoč dejavnik izpostavili organizirano kriminaliteto (npr. pranje denarja, tihotapstvo prepovedanih drog). Viri ogrožanja in tveganja na nacionalni ravni so pri prebivalcih zaznani kot bolj ogrožajoči kot nadnacionalni ali globalni viri, saj je prav zagotavljanje varnosti na tej ravni najbolj konkretno in povezano z zagotavljanjem varnosti posameznika in družbe. Rezultati kažejo, da dejavniki negotovosti (npr. brezposelnost, slabo delovanje države in javnih služb, revščina) ter ogrožanje javne varnosti (npr. finančne prevare, korupcija, gospodarska kriminaliteta, ponarejanje listin) najbolj ogrožajo Slovenijo in njeno nacionalno varnost. Omejitve: Ugotovitve se nanašajo na Slovenijo. Praktična uporabnost: Oblikovalci varnostne politike in pisci strateških dokumentov bodo lahko dobili vpogled v to, kako laična javnost (prebivalstvo) zaznava uradne, politično definirane vire ogrožanja nacionalne varnosti, kar jim bo lahko v pomoč za načrtovanje varnostne politike in strategij v prihodnje. Izvirnost: Prvič so bili v raziskavi uporabljeni novo definirani deklarativni viri ogrožanja in tveganja slovenske nacionalne varnosti.Purpose: This paper presents declarative sources of threats to the national security of the RS over the past two decades, as they are discussed in strategic documents and as they are perceived by the inhabitants of Slovenia. Design/Methods/Approach: An analysis of potential declarative threats and the presentation and interpretation of the results of previous researches on the perception of potential threats in Slovenia were made. In the latest survey on perception of declarative sources of threats a questionnaire among representative sample of adult residents (N = 961) from 24 municipalities of the Republic of Slovenia was used. Findings: As most threatening factor among global threats, population exposed the financial, economic and social risks (a reduction in the employment rate of citizens and major or even general social crisis as a consequence of global financial and economic risks, and reducing the welfare of the Republic of Slovenia. Among the transnational threats, organised crime (money laundering, the smuggling of narcotics) as the most threatening factor is exposed. Threats and risks at the national level are perceived as more threatening than transnational or global threats, because the providing of safety/security at this level is the most concrete and most associated with the provision of security of the individual and society. Factors of uncertainty (unemployment, poverty) and threats to public safety (financial frauds, corruption, falsification of documents, and, economic crimes) are perceived as most threatening to Slovene national security. Research limitations/implications: Findings are related to Slovenia. Practical implications: Security policy makers and writers of strategic documents will be able to get an insight into how the lay public (residents) percept the official, politically-defined sources of threat to national security. This could help them in designing security policies and strategies in the future. Originality/Value: Newly defined declarative sources of threats and risks to Slovenian national security were used in the study for the first time

Prevention of Crime in Local Communities – Between ad hoc Approaches and Knowledge-Based Prevention Activities

U radu se bavimo prevencijom kriminaliteta na lokalnoj razini i naglašavamo važnost i nuž-nost korištenja pristupa koji se temelji na znanju kod prevencije kriminaliteta. Prikazani su problemi koji nastaju radi ad hoc pristupa prevenciji kriminaliteta. Postoje brojne zamke koje su specifične za trenutnu (lokalnu) politiku i praksu sprječavanja kriminaliteta. Iz tog razloga autori u članku predlažu pristup prevenciji kriminaliteta koji se temelji na znanju jer se većina tih intervencija zasniva na neprovjerenim idejama, umjesto da se temelji na istraživanjima ko-ja bi jasno pokazala jesu li i koje su intervencije ostvarile željeni učinak te koje su ekonomski isplative. Preventivne aktivnosti rijetko oblikuju znanstvenici ili specijalisti s područja preven-cije kriminaliteta. Obično ih oblikuju i izvode državni službenici i namještenici u tijelima lo-kalne samouprave, koji na vlastitim pretpostavkama predmnijevaju što uzrokuje kriminalitet te što i kako treba učiniti da bi se utjecalo na njegove uzroke. U radu se predlaže razmišljanje o uvođenju paradigme koja naglašava pristup prevenciji kriminaliteta na lokalnoj razini teme-ljenu na znanju i istraživanju.The paper addresses the prevention of crime at the local level and stresses the importance and neces-sity of using a knowledge-based approach in the prevention of crime. This paper presents problems due to ad hoc approaches to the prevention of crime. Current (local) policy and practice regarding the prevention of crime have many pitfalls; therefore, the authors propose that a knowledge-based ap-proach be used in the prevention of criminality, since most ad hoc interventions are based on untested ideas, rather than research that would clearly show which approaches produce the desired effects and are also cost-efficient. Preventive activities are only rarely devised by scientists or specialists in the field of criminality prevention; these activities are usually devised and implemented by state officials and employees in local administrative bodies, who prepare them on the basis of their own assumptions as to what the causes of criminality are and what measures should be taken to influence them. The paper suggests that the introduction of a paradigm highlighting knowledge- and research-based pre-vention of crime at the local level be considered

Do they feel like cops? Police culture among private security guards

Police culture can result in several problems that can manifest themselves in various side effects, such as excessive use of force or domestic violence. Such occupational culture is formed due to the different circumstances police officers encounter in their work, e.g., constant exposure to danger, high authority, the possibility of using force, the right to autonomous decision-making, and working in a strictly hierarchical environment. As private security guards also operate in public areas and often in the public interest and have the option of enforcing measures that in some cases extend to the degree of police powers, previous research indicated that there is a possibility that a police-like occupational culture prevails among private security guards. The paper identifies the elements of police culture among private security guards through the narrative literature review. The literature search was performed according to a pre-defined strategy. We pre-determined the keywords, inclusion criteria, search methods, and bibliographic databases. The identified literature was analyzed with the descriptive and comparative methods. The results indicate that despite differences in the nature of their work, attitudes, and values between security guards and police officers, significantly more related circumstances and factors suggest similarities in occupational cultures

EVROPSKI PROJEKTI EEMUS/EFUS I URBIS: PERSPEKTIVE ODREDNICA SIGURNOSTI U GRADOVIMA I MANJIM MJESTIMA / EUROPEAN PROJECTS EEMUS/EFUS AND URBIS: PERSPECTIVES ON SECURITY PROVISION IN THE CITIES AND TOWNS

U ovom radu ćemo prezentirati dva evropska projekta, pod nazivom: EEMUS / EFUS (http://masterinurbansecurity.eu/index.php?id=31814) i URBIS (http://www.urbisproject.eu/index.php/en/) i studiju o upravljanju urbanom sigurnosti u glavnim gradovima bivših jugoslavenskih republika: Ljubljani (Slovenija), Zagreb (Hrvatska), Sarajevo (Bosna i Hercegovina), Belograd (Srbia) i Skoplje (Makedonija). Urbana sigurnost u ovom radu proučavana je sa aspekta individualne sigurnosti stanovništva, stavljajući težište na činjenicu kakva je sigurnost ljudi koji žive u lokalnim zajednicama, potiskujući stavove zvaničnih organa o tome kakva je sigurnost države ili nacije u cjelini. U radu istraživani fenomeni kao što su: kriminal, prirodne nepogode i druge sigurnosne prijetnje u regiji pomoću polu-strukturiranih intervjua s općinskim sigurnosnim stručnjacima i dužnosnicima, kao i sveučilišnim istraživačima koji se bave ili upravljaju sigurnosnim pitanjima u pomenutim gradovima. Glavni nalazi pokazuju da je nužna saradnja raznih državnih i lokalnih organizacija za pružanje sigurnosti i sigurnosti u lokalnim zajednicama (u općinama).------------------------------This paper presents two European projects, namely EEMUS/EFUS (http://masterinurbansecurity.eu/index.php?id=31814) and URBIS (http://www.urbisproject.eu/index.php/en/) and a study on urban security management in the capitals of the former Yugoslav republics Ljubljana (Slovenia), Zagreb  (Croatia), Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Belgrade (Serbia) and Skopje (FYR Macedonia). Urban security was studied from a human security perspective, the concern of which is the safety and security of people living in local communities, and not of the state or the nation as a whole. The paper presents crime, natural disasters and other security threats in the region using semi-structured interviews with municipal security experts and officials as well as university researchers who deal with or manage security issues in the respected cities. The main findings show that collaboration of various state and local organizations is necessary for the provision of safety and security in local communities (municipalities)

The profession of detective in the Republic of Slovenia - the perception of students at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security of University of Maribor and the opinion of Slovenian detectives on the scales

Namen prispevka: Namen raziskave je bil proučiti zanimanje študentov Fakultete za varnostne vede Univerze v Mariboru za detektivsko delo, poznavanje vhodnih pogojev za opravljanje poklica in tipičnih delovnih nalog detektiva ter mnenje študentov primerjati z dejanskimi izkušnjami slovenskih detektivov. Posledično bi na takšen način ugotovili, kako bi lahko med študentsko oziroma mlajšo populacijo ljudi v Sloveniji dosegli boljše razumevanje detektivske dejavnosti. Metode: Opravljen je bil pregled relevantnih znanstvenih in strokovnih del. Z metodo anketiranja smo s pomočjo dveh raziskovalnih vprašalnikov ugotavljali razlike in podobnosti mnenj študentov Fakultete za varnostne vede in slovenskih detektivov o opravljanju dela detektiva. Ugotovitve: Iz ocene študentov lahko sklepamo, da študenti Fakultete za varnostne vede ne vedo, kako je z detektivskim delom v praksi. Poklic detektiva jim je sicer zanimiv. Seznanjeni so z nekaterimi pogoji za opravljanje poklica. Kot tipične delovne naloge detektiva vidijo študenti v večji meri kot detektivi preverjanje nezvestobe, zlorabe drog in iskanje pogrešanih oseb, detektivi pa kot o tipičnih delovnih nalogah v večji meri poročajo o pisanju poročil in vročanju pisemskih pošiljk v imenu naročnikov. V prihodnosti bi bilo treba več pozornosti nameniti detektivskemu delu v praksi in temu, kako poklic približati javnosti, ter na takšen način razbiti še vedno prisotne mite o detektivskem delu. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Gre za prvo tako obsežno študijo o mnenju študentov Fakultete za varnostne vede glede detektivske dejavnosti v Sloveniji

Private security regulation in Hungary and Slovenia

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative study of private security regulation in Hungary and Slovenia using Button-Stiernstedt’s evaluation model based on legislation and societal foundations and to find out where the two countries are in comparison with other EU member states. Design/Methods/Approach: First, the main characteristics of private security in Hungary and Slovenia are analysed and presented through a literature and legislation review. Second, Button-Stiernstedt’s evaluation model using legislation and societal criteria is studied and explained. Third, this evaluation model is used to evaluate private security in both countries and, fourth, Hungarian and Slovenian private security regulations are ranked on a regulatory system scale of 27 EU member states.Findings: In this re-evaluation, Slovenian private security regulation received 94 points which makes it equal to Belgium that holds first place among 27 EU countries. Hungary received 74 points, ranking it seventh with the same number of points as Ireland. Although Hungary seems to score relatively highly in the survey, this does not mean the situation in practice is positive. Button-Stiernstedt’s private security regulation evaluation model is mostly useful for international comparisons. However, we suggest that in the future some criteria be used more flexibly than the authors proposed in 2016. Research Limitations: Limitations of the researcharise from the fact that the presented evaluation model of private security regulation is not yet fully developed and that not all data on private security in both countries were available. Practical Implications: The findings are useful for both further harmonising private security regulation within the EU and improving the presented evaluation model to make international comparisons more precise. VARSTVOSLOVJE,Journal of CriminalJustice and Security,year 20no. 2pp. 143‒162 144Originality/Value: Hungarian private security regulation is evaluated for the first time using Button-Stiernstedt’s evaluation model.Namen prispevka: Namen članka je s primerjalno študijo ureditve zasebnega varovanja na Madžarskem in v Sloveniji z uporabo Button-Stiernstedtovega modela evalvacije, ki temelji na zakonodaji in societalnih dejavnikih, ugotoviti, kje se državi nahajata v primerjavi z drugimi članicami EU.Metode:Na osnovi pregleda literature in zakonodaje so bile analizirane in predstavljene glavne značilnosti zasebnega varovanja na Madžarskem in v Sloveniji, zatem pa je bil pojasnjen Button-Stiernstedtov evalvacijski model, ki temelji na zakonodaji in societalnih dejavnikih. Evalvacijski model je bil uporabljen za vrednotenje ureditve zasebnega varovanja v obeh državah. Ureditvi sta bili nato umeščeni na lestvico regulatornih sistemov 27 držav članic EU.Ugotovitve: Slovenska ureditev zasebnega varovanja je v tej ponovni oceni prejela 94 točk, kar jo postavlja ob bok Belgiji na prvem mestu med 27 državami EU. Madžarska je prejela 74 točk in bi se uvrstila na sedmo mesto, z enakim številom točk kot Irska. Čeprav se zdi, da se je Madžarska v raziskavi uvrstila razmeroma visoko, to ne pomeni, da razmere v praksi odražajo to pozitivno podobo. Button-Stiernstedtov model evalvacije ureditve zasebnega varovanja je večinoma uporaben za mednarodne primerjave, vendar predlagamo, da se v prihodnosti nekateri kriteriji uporabijo bolj fleksibilno, kot pa sta avtorja predlagala leta 2016.Omejitve raziskave:Omejitve raziskave izhajajo iz dejstva, da predstavljeni model evalvacije ureditve zasebnega varovanja še ni povsem dodelan in da niso bili na voljo vsi podatki o zasebnem varovanju v obravnavanih državah.Praktična uporabnost: Ugotovitve so koristne tako z vidika nadaljnje harmonizacije regulacije zasebnega varovanja v EU kot z vidika izboljšanja predstavljenega modela evalvacije, ki omogoča natančnejše mednarodne primerjave.Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Madžarska ureditev zasebnega varovanja je bila prvič ovrednotena z Button-Stiernstedtovim modelom evalvacije. Private Security Regulation in Hungary and Sloveni