Mapping of brown alga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh along the coast of southern Istria

Smeđa alga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh je jedina vrsta roda Fucus koja se pojavljuje u Sredozemnom moru i endem je Jadranskog mora. Raste isključivo na stjenovitom supstratu i duž mediolitoralne stepenice izgrađuje gusta naselja. U sjevernom Jadranu zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća zabilježena je regresija ove vrste sa više područja. Cilj ovog rada bio je kartiranje naselja smeđe alge F. virsoides u području plime i oseke južne obale Istre. Istraživanje je provedeno u ljeto 2010. godine duž cijele obale, od autokampa Stoja u Puli do mjesta Ližnjana. Naselja vrste F. virsoides zabilježena su na devet lokacija, a na šest je provedeno uzorkovanje. Morfometrija fukusa napravljena je na osnovi slijedećih parametara: broj jedinki, mokra i suha biomasa, visina steljke, promjer bazalne pločice i broj ramifikacija. Broj jedinki i biomasa jadranskog bračića analizirani su univarijatnim i multivarijatnim metodama u odnosu na okolišne čimbenike: izloženosti obale i tip supstrata. Također je analiziran i ostatak flore i faune unutar zajednice fukusa.Brown algae Fucus virsoides J. Agardh is the only species from genus Fucus which appears in Mediterranean Sea and is endemic for Adriatic Sea. It grows exclusively on rocky bottoms and builds dense settlements along the mediolittoral belt. Over the last few decades its regression from several places in the Northern Adriatic has been recorded. The objective of this research was mapping of F. virsoides along the mediolittoral belt of the southern Istrian coast. The research took place in summer 2010 along the entire coast, from auto-camp Stoja in Pula to Ližnjan. Settlements of algae F. virsoides were recorded on nine locations, but samples were taken only from six. The morphology of Fucus was described with following variables: number of individuals, wet and dry biomass, thalli length, diameter of the basal plate and number of ramifications. The number of individuals and biomass were analysed with univariate and multivariate methods. The rest of flora and fauna inside the fucus settlements was also analysed

Mapping of brown alga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh along the coast of southern Istria

Smeđa alga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh je jedina vrsta roda Fucus koja se pojavljuje u Sredozemnom moru i endem je Jadranskog mora. Raste isključivo na stjenovitom supstratu i duž mediolitoralne stepenice izgrađuje gusta naselja. U sjevernom Jadranu zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća zabilježena je regresija ove vrste sa više područja. Cilj ovog rada bio je kartiranje naselja smeđe alge F. virsoides u području plime i oseke južne obale Istre. Istraživanje je provedeno u ljeto 2010. godine duž cijele obale, od autokampa Stoja u Puli do mjesta Ližnjana. Naselja vrste F. virsoides zabilježena su na devet lokacija, a na šest je provedeno uzorkovanje. Morfometrija fukusa napravljena je na osnovi slijedećih parametara: broj jedinki, mokra i suha biomasa, visina steljke, promjer bazalne pločice i broj ramifikacija. Broj jedinki i biomasa jadranskog bračića analizirani su univarijatnim i multivarijatnim metodama u odnosu na okolišne čimbenike: izloženosti obale i tip supstrata. Također je analiziran i ostatak flore i faune unutar zajednice fukusa.Brown algae Fucus virsoides J. Agardh is the only species from genus Fucus which appears in Mediterranean Sea and is endemic for Adriatic Sea. It grows exclusively on rocky bottoms and builds dense settlements along the mediolittoral belt. Over the last few decades its regression from several places in the Northern Adriatic has been recorded. The objective of this research was mapping of F. virsoides along the mediolittoral belt of the southern Istrian coast. The research took place in summer 2010 along the entire coast, from auto-camp Stoja in Pula to Ližnjan. Settlements of algae F. virsoides were recorded on nine locations, but samples were taken only from six. The morphology of Fucus was described with following variables: number of individuals, wet and dry biomass, thalli length, diameter of the basal plate and number of ramifications. The number of individuals and biomass were analysed with univariate and multivariate methods. The rest of flora and fauna inside the fucus settlements was also analysed

Promjene sastava masnih kiselina u algi Fucus virsoides J. Agardh na različitim podlogama

The effect of the substratum type (natural, limestone, or artificial, concrete) on the fatty acid composition of Fucus virsoides in six habitats around the harbours and beaches of the Istrian coast (northern Adriatic Sea) was investigated during the summer, the period of maximum development. All habitats of F. virsoides were regulated by very similar environmental factors and were exposed to moderate anthropogenic influences. F. virsoides growing on artificial substrata was characterised by lower concentrations of fatty acids, lower proportions of fatty acids among total lipids, higher C16:0/18:1 ratios (FA: 6.7±0.6 mg g-1 d.w.; FA/TL: 22%; 16:0/18:1: 0.57±0.08) and an overall increase in saturation in comparison to communities growing on natural substrata (FA: 10.2±2.9–12.5±3.4 mg g-1 d.w.; FA/TL: 30.8–33.7%; 16:0/18:1: 0.34±0.11–0.45±0.13). These results likely reflect the less favourable conditions for F. virsoides development on artificial substrates relative to natural substrates. The physiological processes of the algae growing on artificial substrata were more impaired with increasing age (FA: 1.9±0.6 mg g-1d.w.; FA/TL: 18.2%; 16:0/18:1: 0.68±0.08).U proljeće tijekom maksimuma vegetacijskog razvoja smeđe alge Fucus virsoides istražen je učinak podloge (prirodna, vapnenac ili umjetna, beton) na sastav masnih kiselina u algi. Uzorkovano je na šest staništa, uključujući luke i plaže, duž istarske obale (sjeverni Jadran). Sva staništa su bila pod utjecajem vrlo sličnih okolišnih čimbenika, i izložena umjerenom antropogenom utjecaju. Za vrstu F. virsoides na umjetnoj podlozi karakteristična je niža koncentracija masnih kiselina (MK), njihov niži udio u ukupnim lipidima (UL), povišeni C16:0/18:1 omjeri (MK: 6.7±0.6 mg g -1 s.t.; MK/UL: 22%; 16:0/18:1: 0.57±0.08) te veća zasićenost u usporedbi sa zajednicama na prirodnoj podlozi (MK: 10.2±2.9–12.5±3.4 mg g-1s.t.; MK/UL: 30.8–33.7%; 16:0/18:1: 0.34±0.11–0.45±0.13). Dobiveni rezultati odražavaju nepovoljne uvjete za rast i razvoj vrste F. virsoidesna umjetnoj podlozi u odnosu na prirodnu. Na umjetnoj podlozi je utvrđeno lošije fiziološko stanje u starijim primjercima alge (MK: 1.9±0.6 mg g-1 s.t.; MK/UL: 18.2%; 16:0/18:1: 0.68±0.08)

Mapping of brown alga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh along the coast of southern Istria

Smeđa alga Fucus virsoides J. Agardh je jedina vrsta roda Fucus koja se pojavljuje u Sredozemnom moru i endem je Jadranskog mora. Raste isključivo na stjenovitom supstratu i duž mediolitoralne stepenice izgrađuje gusta naselja. U sjevernom Jadranu zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća zabilježena je regresija ove vrste sa više područja. Cilj ovog rada bio je kartiranje naselja smeđe alge F. virsoides u području plime i oseke južne obale Istre. Istraživanje je provedeno u ljeto 2010. godine duž cijele obale, od autokampa Stoja u Puli do mjesta Ližnjana. Naselja vrste F. virsoides zabilježena su na devet lokacija, a na šest je provedeno uzorkovanje. Morfometrija fukusa napravljena je na osnovi slijedećih parametara: broj jedinki, mokra i suha biomasa, visina steljke, promjer bazalne pločice i broj ramifikacija. Broj jedinki i biomasa jadranskog bračića analizirani su univarijatnim i multivarijatnim metodama u odnosu na okolišne čimbenike: izloženosti obale i tip supstrata. Također je analiziran i ostatak flore i faune unutar zajednice fukusa.Brown algae Fucus virsoides J. Agardh is the only species from genus Fucus which appears in Mediterranean Sea and is endemic for Adriatic Sea. It grows exclusively on rocky bottoms and builds dense settlements along the mediolittoral belt. Over the last few decades its regression from several places in the Northern Adriatic has been recorded. The objective of this research was mapping of F. virsoides along the mediolittoral belt of the southern Istrian coast. The research took place in summer 2010 along the entire coast, from auto-camp Stoja in Pula to Ližnjan. Settlements of algae F. virsoides were recorded on nine locations, but samples were taken only from six. The morphology of Fucus was described with following variables: number of individuals, wet and dry biomass, thalli length, diameter of the basal plate and number of ramifications. The number of individuals and biomass were analysed with univariate and multivariate methods. The rest of flora and fauna inside the fucus settlements was also analysed

Intellectual property rigths as a source of competitive advantage of a company

Pravo intelektualne lastnine vključuje sistem pravnih instrumentov, ki ureja način pridobitve pravic intelektualne lastnine in zaščito pred nepooblaščeno uporabo. Države sprejemajo zakone o zaščiti intelektualne lastnine iz dveh glavnih razlogov. Prvi razlog je pravno izraziti moralne in ekonomske pravice ustvarjalcev v njihovih stvaritvah ter urediti pravice javnosti pri dostopu do teh stvaritev. Drugi razlog je v vladni politiki, da spodbuja k ustvarjalnost, in razširjanje stvaritev intelektualne lastnine ter spodbuja k pošteni trgovini za zagotavljanje gospodarskega in družbenega razvoja. Lastništvo znamke spada na podrčje intelektualne lastnine, zato je upravičeno do pravnega varstva. Brez registracije blagovna znamka ne uživa zaščite, in je to najbolj vidljivo v primeru zlorabe registrirane blagovne znamke. To pomeni, da je lažja borba in večja možnost povrnitve škode, kdaj je blagovna znamka registrirana in je lažje ugotoviti razloge sodnega postopka. Ime, logotip, simbol, nalepka ali druge prepoznavne značilnosti izdelkov in / ali storitev, danih na trg, se lahko zaščitijo z blagovno znamko, ki je oblika pravnega varstva tržne identitete izdelkov in storitev. Je opisan kot izdelek z dodatnimi dimenzijami in značilnostmi, ki ga ločuje od drugih izdelkov, ki ustrezajo enakim potrebam, te razlike pa so lahko racionalne in oprijemljive, ter simbolne, čustvene in nematerialne. Konkurenca na trgu blagovnih znamk je velika in vlada prava vojna na trgu blagovnih znamk. To je le nekaj dejstev, s katerimi se lastniki blagovnih znamk spopadajo in so zanje zelo pomembni. Vse to je zelo zanimivo in zaradi tega sem se v tem magistrskem delu odločala predstaviti blagovno znamko in jo prikazati kot konkurenčno prednost podjetja. Podjetje Kraš je največje hrvaško podjetje, ki proizvaja slaščičarske izdelke in ima vodilni položaj kot proizvajalec v regiji ter ima več kot 120 veljavnih mednarodnih blagovnih znamk, registriranih pri WIPO (The World Intellectual Property Organization), več kot 180 veljavnih nacionalnih blagovnih znamk, ki so registrirane pri DZIV (Državni zavod za intelektualno vlasništvo), in na desetine nacionalnih blagovnih znamk, ki veljajo zunaj Republike Hrvaške. Glede na zelo široko paleto slaščičarskih izdelkov je odločitev za posamezno registracijo odvisna od tržne strategije upravljanja blagovne znamke, na katero se registracija nanaša, in tržnega potenciala izdelka. Primarna raziskava je bila v prispevku izvedena z namenom analize podjetja Kraš. Rezultati raziskave pa so pokazali, da je podjetje, ki ima svoje izdelke zaščitene z znamko, bolj konkurenčno zaradi večje prepoznavnosti in prodaje, in da je največja prednost registriranja izdelkov z blagovno znamko Kraš zmanjšanje možnosti posnemanja izdelkov konkurenčnih podjetijda je najbolj znan izdelek Kraša Napolitanke in da je postopek registracije blagovne znamke Kraš zahteven, a dolgoročno donosen in podjetju zagotavlja tržni delež.Intellectual property law includes a system of legal instruments that regulates the method of acquiring intellectual property rights and protection against unauthorized use. States pass intellectual property protection laws for two main reasons. The first reason is to legally express the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to regulate the rights of the public in accessing these creations. The second reason is in government policy to encourage creativity and the dissemination of intellectual property creations, and to promote fair trade to ensure economic and social development. Trademark ownership falls within the realm of intellectual property and is therefore entitled to legal protection. Without registration, a trademark does not enjoy protection, and this is most visible in the case of misuse of a registered trademark. This means that it is easier to fight and there is a greater chance of redress when the trademark is registered and it is easier to determine the reasons for litigation. The name, logo, symbol, label or other distinguishing features of products and / or services placed on the market may be protected by a trademark, which is a form of legal protection of the market identity of products and services. A product, protected with the brand, is described as a product with additional dimensions and characteristics that distinguishes it from other products that meet the same needs, and these differences can be rational and tangible, as well as symbolic, emotional and immaterial. There is a lot of competition in the brand market and there is a real war in the brand market. These are just a few facts that brand owners face and are very important to them. All this is very interesting and that is why in this master\u27s thesis I decided to present the brand and show it as a competitive advantage of the company. Kraš is the largest Croatian confectionery company and has a leading position as a producer in the region and has more than 120 valid international trademarks registered with WIPO (The World Intellectual Property Organization), more than 180 valid national trademarks, which are registered with SIPO (State Intellectual Property Office), and dozens of national trademarks valid outside the Republic of Croatia. Given the very wide range of confectionery products, the decision for an individual registration depends on the marketing strategy of the brand to which the registration relates and the market potential of the product. The primary research in the paper was carried out for the purpose of analyzing the company Kraš. The results of the research showed that a company that has its products protected by a brand is more competitive due to greater visibility and sales, and that the biggest advantage of registering products with the Kraš brand is the reduction of the possibility of imitating products of competing companiesthat the most famous product is Kraš Napolitanka and that the process of registering the Kraš brand is demanding, but profitable in the long run and gives the company a market share