Surto de mixomatose em criação de coelhos no estado do Rio de Janeiro: relato de caso

This study aimed to report an outbreak of myxomatosis in a rabbit farm located in the rural region of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A total of 103 rabbits were present in the farm when the outbreak, from which 8 died of the disease and 51 individuals were euthanized with typical clinical signs. Animals presented bilateral blepharoconjunctivitis with purulent discharge, which progressed to bloody rhinitis, facial edema, and the development of nodules in the face, ears, and scrotum. At necropsy, findings included enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly, congested lungs, and scrotum edema. Fragments from liver, lungs, kidneys and skin from face and ear nodules were collected for histopathological examination. Analysis of skin samples revealed in vacuolization of keratinocytes with vesicles, bubbles, and pustules, in addition to acanthosis, ulceration and presence of serocelular crust in the epidermis. In dermis, severe edema was observed with marked diffuse mixed infiltrate of heterophils and mononuclear cells in addition to severe mucinous degeneration. Moreover, large star-like cells with cariomegaly and dotted chromatin. Carcasses were incinerated and the 44 remaining animals that did not present clinical signs were submitted to quarantine for 6 months in sheds with nets, electronic repellents and monitored through periodic clinical examinations and laboratorial tests to confirm the flock health. In addition, topical selamectin was administered every 30 days to prevent and control vectors.Objetivou-se com este trabalho relatar um surto de mixomatose em uma criação de coelhos na região rural do município de Cachoeiras de Macacu no estado do Rio de Janeiro. De um total de 103 coelhos, 8 óbitos ocorreram pela doença e 51 indivíduos foram eutanasiados com sinais clínicos típicos. Os animais apresentaram blefaroconjuntivite bilateral com secreção purulenta, progredindo para rinite com secreção sanguinolenta, edema de face e surgimento de pequenos nódulos na face, orelha e escroto. À necropsia, foram observados linfonodomegalia, esplenomegalia, pulmões congestos e edema escrotal. Nesta, foram colhidos fragmentos de fígado, pulmão, rins e tecido cutâneo dos nódulos da face e orelhas para exame histopatológico. Na microscopia das amostras cutâneas foi observada na epiderme: vacuolização dos queratinócitos com vesículas, bolhas e pústulas, além de áreas de acantose, ulceração e presença de crosta serocelular. Na derme foi observado edema pronunciado, infiltrado marcante, difuso e misto de células heterófilas e mononucleares, além de degeneração mucinosa pronunciada. Adicionalmente, constatou-se a presença de grandes células “estreladas” com cariomegalia e cromatina salpicada. As carcaças foram incineradas e os 44 animais restantes que não apresentaram sintomatologia foram submetidos à quarentena por seis meses em galpão com telas, repelentes eletrônicos e monitorados através de exames clínicos e testes complementares para confirmar a sanidade do plantel. Além disso, foi administrada selamectina tópica a cada 30 dias para prevenir e controlar vetores

Surto de mixomatose em criação de coelhos no estado do Rio de Janeiro: relato de caso

Objetivou-se com este trabalho relatar um surto de mixomatose em uma criação de coelhos na região rural do município de Cachoeiras de Macacu no estado do Rio de Janeiro. De um total de 103 coelhos, 8 óbitos ocorreram pela doença e 51 indivíduos foram eutanasiados com sinais clínicos típicos. Os animais apresentaram blefaroconjuntivite bilateral com secreção purulenta, progredindo para rinite com secreção sanguinolenta, edema de face e surgimento de pequenos nódulos na face, orelha e escroto. À necropsia, foram observados linfonodomegalia, esplenomegalia, pulmões congestos e edema escrotal. Nesta, foram colhidos fragmentos de fígado, pulmão, rins e tecido cutâneo dos nódulos da face e orelhas para exame histopatológico. Na microscopia das amostras cutâneas foi observada na epiderme: vacuolização dos queratinócitos com vesículas, bolhas e pústulas, além de áreas de acantose, ulceração e presença de crosta serocelular. Na derme foi observado edema pronunciado, infiltrado marcante, difuso e misto de células heterófilas e mononucleares, além de degeneração mucinosa pronunciada. Adicionalmente, constatou-se a presença de grandes células “estreladas” com cariomegalia e cromatina salpicada. As carcaças foram incineradas e os 44 animais restantes que não apresentaram sintomatologia foram submetidos à quarentena por seis meses em galpão com telas, repelentes eletrônicos e monitorados através de exames clínicos e testes complementares para confirmar a sanidade do plantel. Além disso, foi administrada selamectina tópica a cada 30 dias para prevenir e controlar vetores

Dysautonomia in a Bitch with Hypothyroidism

Background: Thyroid hormones have important effects on the cardiovascular system, of which the main ones are the increase in the heart response to the autonomic sympathetic nervous system. Heart rate variability is a non-invasive method of assessing autonomic heart modulation, thus being an important form of evaluation in patients with thyroid dysfunctions. This study aimed to report electrocardiographic and heart rate variability data of a dog with hypothyroidism that presented a parasympathetic dysfunction.Case: A 7-year-old female Dalmatian dog was admitted for clinical evaluation in Fortaleza, Brazil. According to the owner, she had been apathetic for a year, had gained weight, always had a sad expression, and her hair was generally brittle and opaque. On physical examination, skin lesions were observed at the end of the spine, extending to the tail region, with the latter showing total alopecia. Low T4 levels confirmed the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Then, a 24-h Holter monitoring was performed, which showed that the animal had sinus arrhythmia associated with moments of second-degree sinoatrial block and rare moments of sinus tachycardia. In addition, moments of premature multifocal ventricular extrasystoles and 1st-degree atrioventricular block were observed. Based on the Holter results, heart rate variability (HRV) was calculated. Regarding the HRV in the frequency domain, 32.16 was obtained in the low frequency (LF) band, 67.84 in the high frequency (HF) band, and the LF / HF ratio was 0.46, with a total power of 5205. As for the HRV in the time domain, RMSSD was 117, pNN50 was 62.64 and SDNN was 384. This showed an increase in the parasympathetic activity of the heart and, due to this increased activity, a second-degree sinoatrial block occurred, which is a sinus function disturbance resulting from the exacerbated parasympathetic activity.Discussion: Beta-adrenergic receptors have their expression and activity altered by thyroid hormones. The sympathetic stimulation on the heart through the activation of these receptors originates a positive inotropic, lusitropic, dromotropic and chronotropic effect. Therefore, in the absence of thyroid hormones, there is a decrease in this stimulation, thus allowing a preponderant parasympathetic tone. In the present report, the increase in the parasympathetic tonus, observed in hypothyroidism, resulted in a reduction in the frequency of sinus firing, slowing of intranodal and sinoatrial conduction, and shortening of the effective refractory period, a combination of factors that led to decreased HR observed in the Holter monitoring. Previous studies have shown that thyroid hormones increase sympathetic activity, mainly in the heart, since they do not act by increasing the production or release of catecholamines, but rather increasing catecholamine response on the heart, due to a positive regulation of Ca2+-ATPase channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and beta1-adrenergic receptors. Thus, the observed result was already expected, because in hypothyroidism there is a decrease in these hormones that increase the sympathetic activity on the heart and so, the parasympathetic tone was very evident. The study of heart rate variability allows the simple assessment of the autonomic nervous system imbalance, and may be extremely important in the follow-up of diseases that affect this balance, such as hypothyroidism. Hence, more studies are required to verify the effect of such diseases on heart rate variability, aiming to define associations between the diseases and the alterations, as well as to define parameters of normality for such examinations

Natural Coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a feral pigeon (Columba livia)

Background: Rock pigeon (Columba livia) is an exotic and invasive species of the Columbidae family found in several cities around the world, including Brazilian cities, and close to humans. This species is found in large populations often in public locations, where people may have contact. Several studies have demonstrated the isolation of human pathogens from these birds. However, there are scarce studies describing infections by Gram-negative bacteria to which pigeons are susceptible. Therefore, this report aimed to describe a case of natural coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a feral pigeon.Case: A sick feral pigeon was delivered at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. Due to poor prognosis, the individual was euthanized with ketamine via intravenous injection and submitted to necropsy, in which samples were collected for microbiological and histopathological procedure. The procedure was performed aseptically and samples were collected from intestine, liver, spleen, heart and lung. Bacterial isolation was performed with culture media selective for Gram negative bacteria and strains were identified biochemically. Histopathological examination was performed with conventional method and slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. DNA from E. coli isolates was extracted with simples boiling method and submitted to uniplex conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose diarrheagenic pathotypes with specific primers for the following genes: aaiC, aatA, eaeA, stx1, stx2, eltB, estA and ipaH. Escherichia coli was isolated from the intestine, liver, spleen and lung, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was present in liver, spleen and lung. E. coli strains from liver and spleen were positive for the aaiC gene, which is a diagnostic gene for Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) pathotype. Necropsy revealed the presence of several caseous lesions around the head of the bird, cellulitis in the abdominal region, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hemorrhagic intestine and pericarditis. Microscopical findings were most intense in liver and lung samples, presenting vascular and inflammatory alterations. Histopathological alterations indicated an acute presentation of the infections and several lesions in different organs, demonstrating the septicemic characteristic of the microorganisms involved in this case.Discussion: Both pathogens in this report were identified mostly in the same organs, which may indicate that there was an association in the pathogenesis. However, the entry routes of infection in this case may have been different, considering that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not isolated from the intestine. The histopathological findings were not pathognomonic for either pathogen. However, some characteristic lesions were observed, such as cellulitis, which is commonly attributed to Escherichia coli. EAEC strains are human pathogens that cause acute and persistent diarrhea around the world. These microorganisms could be potentially transmitted to humans, as suggested by other studies with feral pigeons and enteric pathogens. However, the absence of reports of pigeon-transmitted diarrheagenic infections in humans may suggest that pigeons are only reservoirs of these pathogens. In addition, as this report demonstrates, these birds may also suffer from these infections. In conclusion, the free-living pigeon presented a natural occurring case of coinfection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Both are human opportunistic pathogens, and may have public health implication

Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O:6,8) in Broiler Chickens

Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of Salmonella sp., a standard method was used with pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, selective plating and biochemical identification steps. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed with disk diffusion technique and the following antibiotics were tested: ampicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, polymyxin B, gentamycin, cloranfenicol, tetracycline, azithromycin and fosfomycin. According to the methodology used, 95.9% of samples were positive for Escherichia coli and the most frequent resistance was to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Salmonella sp. was isolated from 0.2% of the samples, which were identified as the serotype Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica O:6,8. Both isolates presented the same antimicrobial resistance profile, which were resistant to six, out of ten tested antibiotics (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol and ceftiofur).Discussion: The low prevalence of Salmonella observed in this study have also been reported by other studies performed in poultry farms in Ceará State, which suggests a good status for this pathogen in the local industry, however further efforts in order to eradicate this pathogen must be applied. The salmonella serotype detected in this study is rarely reported in the literature, especially from the poultry industry. In Brazil, the use of tetracyclines, quinolones and penicillins as feed additives or growth promoters is prohibited; however, a high resistance to drugs from these groups was detected. In addition, multidrug resistant E. coli isolates presented more elevated rates than other studies reported in the literature with antibiotics commonly used in the poultry industry and this may indicate an excessive use of these drugs in the production routine. These results should serve as a warning for surveillance programs to evaluate the incidence of these microorganisms as well as their antimicrobial resistance rates, which may be an important tool for control and prevention in meat poultry production

Peritonite infecciosa felina- Relato de caso

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a serious polysystemic viral disease caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Cats aged 3 months to 3 years are reported to be more frequently affected (70% of the animals with the disease presents the age of 1 year). However, the PIF can affect cats of all ages, including older animals. Males and cats of the Persian breeds, Bengals and Ragdols are more prone. It is an invariably fatal immune disease caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). The transmission occurs FECV by oro-faecal route through contact in such a cat with the feces of an infected cat, particularly by mutual us the litter. Although infrequent, can occur transmissão by licking and shared use of containers and drinking fountains. This study aims to report a case of wet FIP in feline patient, from its history to the outcome of your treatment.A peritonite infecciosa felina (PIF) é uma doença viral polissistêmica grave causada pelo vírus da peritonite infecciosa felina (VPIF), uma mutação do coronavirus entérico felino (CVEF). Gatos com idade entre 3 meses a 3 anos são relatados como sendo mais frequentemente acometidos (70% dos animais com a doença apresenta idade inferior a 1 ano). Contudo, a PIF pode acometer gatos de todas as idades, incluindo animais idosos. Machos e felinos das raças Persas, Bengals e Ragdols apresentam predisposição maior. Trata-se de uma doença imunomediada invariavelmente fatal causada pelo virus da peritonite infecciosa felina (VPIF). A transmissão do CVEF ocorre por via oro-fecal através do contato de um gato susceptível com as fezes de um gato infectado, principalmente por us mútuo da liteira. Apesar de infrequente, pode ocorrer transmissão por lambedura e uso compartilhado de vasilhas e bebedouros. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de PIF úmida em paciente felino, desde a sua anamnese até o resultado de seu tratamento.

Aspectos e estágios da catarata em cães – Revisão de literatura

Cataract is a ophthalmopathy characterized by opacity in the lens, classified according to their etiology, occurrence age, location, aspect and stage of development. Its formation is associated with aggregation of lens proteins, increase in insoluble proteins, osmotic stress, dysfunction in nutritional metabolism, changes in oxygen concentration, exposure to toxins and drugs and / or changes in ionic concentrations. Treatment of cataracts is surgery. The untreated and permanents cases in the eyes of dogs and cats can cause complications such as anterior and posterior dislocation of the lens, ocular perforation, uveitis induced lens, glaucoma, iris degeneration, retinal detachment, posterior synechiae and atrophy of the eyeball (phthisis bulbi). The objective of this work was to perform a literature review on the aspects and stages of cataract in dogs.Catarata é uma oftalmopatia caracterizada pela opacidade no cristalino, classificada de acordo com sua etiologia, idade da ocorrência, localização, aspectos e estágio de desenvolvimento. Sua formação está associada a agregação de proteínas lenticulares, aumento das proteínas insolúveis, estresse osmótico, disfunções no metabolismo nutricional, mudanças na concentração de oxigênio, exposição a toxinas ou medicamentos e/ou alterações das concentrações iônicas. O tratamento da catarata é cirúrgico. Os casos não tratados e permanentes em olhos de cães e gatos podem trazer complicações como luxações anteriores e posteriores da lente, perfuração ocular, uveíte lente induzida, glaucoma, degeneração de íris, descolamento de retina, sinéquia posterior e atrofia do globo ocular (phthisis bulbi). O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre os aspectos e estágios da catarata em cães

Adenocarcinoma de células hepatoides canino em região perianal- Relato de Caso

The skin is an organ with a wide variety of functions, being composed of different cell types and lying in constant exposure to the environment. Because of its complex structure and constant exposure, a huge variety of tumors can affect this organ. Due to its high rate of cell renewal, the chances of occurrence of mutations are higher than in other tissues, making the skin a place conducive to the emergence of cancer. The carcinoma of the perianal glands is relatively uncommon, accounting for only 0.25 2.6% of skin cancers (Dobson & Lascelles, 2011). At macroscopic level, the injury appears to be prominent, rounded or flattened (Raskin and Meyer, 2003). It could be single or multiple, and often ulceration and infects (Cowell et al., 1999; Raskin & Meyer, 2003). Given the microscopic characteristics of the neoplasia, the term neoplasia hepatoide emerged since its cells resemble hepatocytes (hepatoides being called cells). Adenocarcinomas of perianal glands metastasize in iliac lymph nodes, lung, liver, kidney and bones. Surgical excision is recommended and can be complemented with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with poor prognosis (Dobson & Lascelles, 2011; Morris & Dobson, 2001). In this study, the monitoring of an animal lodged at the Hospital Veterinary Unit of the State University of Ceará was done with a tumor in the perianal region after some tests, it was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma hepatoides cells. The study was conducted from the first consultation to surgical excision of the tumor patient.A pele é um órgão com uma grande variedades de funções, sendo constituída por diferentes tipos de células e encontrando-se em constante exposição ao meio ambiente. Em virtude de sua estrutura complexa e constante exposição, uma enorme variedade de tumores pode acometer esse órgão. Devido ao seu alto índice de renovação celular, as chances de ocorrência de mutações são maiores que em outros tecidos, tornando a pele um lugar propício ao surgimento de neoplasias. O carcinoma das glândulas perianais é relativamente incomum, representando apenas 0,25 a 2,6% das neoplasias cutâneas (Dobson & Lascelles, 2011). A nível macroscópico, a lesão mostra-se proeminente, arredondada ou aplanada (Raskin & Meyer, 2003). Pode ser única ou múltipla, e muitas vezes ulcera e infecta (Cowell et al., 1999; Raskin & Meyer, 2003). Dadas as características microscópicas da neoplasia, surgiu o termo neoplasia hepatóide, uma vez que as suas células se assemelham a hepatócitos (sendo denominadas células hepatóides). Os adenocarcinomas das glândulas perianais metastizam nos linfonodos ilíacos, pulmão, fígado, rim e ossos. A excisão cirúrgica é recomendada e pode ser complementada com radioterapia e quimioterapia, com prognóstico reservado (Dobson & Lascelles, 2011; Morris & Dobson, 2001). No presente trabalho, foi feito o acompanhamento de um animal que deu entrada na Unidade Hospitalar Veterinária da Universidade Estadual do Ceará com um tumor na região perianal que depois de alguns exames, foi diagnosticado como um adenocarcinoma de células hepatoides. O estudo foi conduzido desde a primeira consulta até a excisão cirúrgica da neoplasia do paciente.

Mucocele faríngea em cães – Revisão de literatura

Dogs have four pairs of larger glands (parotid, sublingual, zygomatic and submandibular) and also contain numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity, such as the lips, cheek, tongue, palate, pharynx and esophagus. The name mucocele is given for the abnormal accumulation of saliva in the salivary glands, forming a dilation of the gland in the place that can lead to respiratory compromise of the affected animal. Disorders in the salivary glands are not frequent in dogs, they present a low incidence, of approximately 0.3%. The clinical signs associated with salivary mucocele depend on its location, and may present different symptoms, depending on the affected gland. The resolution is surgical, is the most appropriate method to reduce the problem and with better results without occurrence of relapses. The objective of this work was to perform a review of the literature on pharyngeal mucocele in dogs.Os cães possuem quatro pares de glândulas maiores (parótidas, sublinguais, zigomáticas e submandibulares) e, também, contêm inúmeras glândulas salivares menores distribuídas ao longo de toda a cavidade oral, como os lábios, bochecha, língua, palato, faringe e esôfago. Dá-se o nome mucocele para o acúmulo anormal de saliva nas glândulas salivares, formando uma dilatação da glândula no local podendo levar a comprometimento respiratório do animal acometido. Distúrbios nas glândulas salivares não são frequentes em cães, apresentam baixa incidência, de aproximadamente 0,3%. Os sinais clínicos associados com a mucocele salivar dependem da sua localização, podendo  apresentar diferentes sintomatologias, dependendo da glândula afetada. A resolução é cirúrgica, é o método mais adequado para a redução do problema e com melhores resultados sem ocorrência de recidivas.O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a mucocele faríngea em cães