Placental polyp after normal vaginal delivery: a rare diagnostic dilemma

Placental polyp is retained placental tissue within the endometrial cavity, which forms a nidus for inflammation and bleeding. Placental polyp is a rare entity with an incidence of less than 0.25% of all pregnancies as reported. Here, we report a case of 23-year-old P2L2 woman with complaints of intermittent vaginal bleeding since her recent normal vaginal delivery, 1.5 months back. A polypoid mass (51×41 mm) with abundant vascularity was detected as retained products of placenta (RPOC) within the endometrial cavity by imaging studies. A combination of polypoidal mass within the endometrial cavity with normal beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) of <2.0 mIU/ml raising the suspicion of retained products of placenta or trophoblastic neoplasms. After yielding an unsatisfactory biopsy containing only fibrin deposition, total hysterectomy was performed due to profuse bleeding during biopsy. The uterus specimen showed slight globular enlargement with presence of a red-coloured polypoid mass within the endometrial cavity with rough outer surface and fragile consistency. The histological specimen of the protruding lesion, from the exaggerated placental implantation site, showed intermediate trophoblastic cells infiltrated into the myometrium, which might lead to the diagnosis of placental polyp. However, since placental polyp and uterine arteriovenous malformation have similar clinical characteristics, it is important to accurately identify and differentiate between them to ensure optimal treatment therapy. Definite diagnosis is ultimately made by histopathological examination. We report here a case that is suggestive of either a placental polyp or uterine arteriovenous malformation and will discuss the differential diagnoses and treatments for both diseases, based on a literature review

Meta-analysis of the effect of an essential oil–containing mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque

AbstractBackgroundStandard recommendations for oral hygiene practices have focused on mechanical methods (toothbrushing and interdental cleaning). Published evidence indicates antimicrobial mouthrinses provide oral health benefits beyond mechanical methods alone. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the combined effectiveness of mechanical methods with essential oil–containing mouthrinses (MMEO) versus mechanical methods (MM) alone in achieving site-specific, healthy gingival tissue and reducing plaque and gingivitis.Types of Studies ReviewedAll industry-sponsored clinical trials investigating the antigingivitis and antiplaque effects of essential oil (EO)–containing mouthrinses conducted from 1980 to 2012 were reviewed; 29 of 32 studies met the inclusion criteria of 6 months or longer duration, randomized, observer-masked, placebo-controlled, and with individual-level site-specific data. By-study treatment effects were estimated through generalized linear models for binary data and analysis of covariance for continuous data, and then combined using standard meta-analysis techniques; heterogeneity was also assessed.ResultsSummary odds ratios for a healthy gingival site and for a plaque-free site were, respectively, 5.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-7.5) and 7.8 (95% CI, 5.4-11.2) for MMEO participants versus MM participants at 6 months. The summary percentage reductions in whole-mouth mean gingivitis and plaque at 6 months were 16.0 (95% CI, 11.3-20.7) and 27.7 (95% CI, 22.4-32.9), respectively. Responder analyses using aggregate individual-level data showed 44.8% of MMEO participants and 14.4% of MM participants achieved at least 50% healthy sites in their mouths at 6 months. Similarly, 36.9% of MMEO participants and 5.5% of MM participants achieved at least 50% plaque-free sites in their mouths at 6 months.Conclusions and Practical ImplicationsThis is the first meta-analysis to demonstrate the clinically significant, site-specific benefit of adjunctive EO treatment in people within a 6-month period (that is, between dental visits)

Sleep disruption due to nocturnal heartburn: a review of the evidence and clinical implications

Nocturnal heartburn (NHB) is a symptom that affects up to 25% of the general population and has been shown to cause sleep disruption that adversely affects quality of life and psychomotor performance. Few studies have evaluated the association between occasional NHB and sleep disturbances; therefore, this connection may be underappreciated and left untreated by the primary care provider and patient, with potentially significant negative clinical consequences and effects on quality of life. This review sought to describe what is currently known about the interplay between occasional NHB and sleep disruption, and identify whether acid suppression therapy can improve symptoms of occasional NHB and associated sleep disruptions. The pathophysiology of heartburn-induced sleep disruption appears to follow a bidirectional cycle due to the normal physiologic changes that occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract during sleep and due to the potential for heartburn symptoms to cause sleep arousal. The majority of the identified studies suggested that pharmacologic interventions for acid reduction, including proton pump inhibitors or histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), improved objective and/or subjective sleep outcomes among individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and NHB. Several studies specific to famotidine demonstrated that treatment with 10 mg or 20 mg reduced nighttime awakenings due to NHB. In conclusion, NHB symptoms can cause sleep dysfunction that can have a profound adverse downstream effect on quality of life, next-day functioning, and health-related outcomes. The current approach to managing occasional NHB is similar to that associated with GERD, highlighting the need for studies specific to the occasional heartburn population. Health care providers should investigate NHB as one of the potential causes of sleep complaints, and patients with heartburn should be questioned about sleep quality, recalled arousals, next-day vitality, early fatigue, and next-day functioning

Association of prenatal exposure to early-life adversity with neonatal brain volumes at birth

Importance: Exposure to early-life adversity alters the structural development of key brain regions underlying neurodevelopmental impairments. The association between prenatal exposure to adversity and brain structure at birth remains poorly understood. Objective: To examine whether prenatal exposure to maternal social disadvantage and psychosocial stress is associated with neonatal global and regional brain volumes and cortical folding. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective, longitudinal cohort study included 399 mother-infant dyads of sociodemographically diverse mothers recruited in the first or early second trimester of pregnancy and their infants, who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging in the first weeks of life. Mothers were recruited from local obstetric clinics in St Louis, Missouri from September 1, 2017, to February 28, 2020. Exposures: Maternal social disadvantage and psychosocial stress in pregnancy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Confirmatory factor analyses were used to create latent constructs of maternal social disadvantage (income-to-needs ratio, Area Deprivation Index, Healthy Eating Index, educational level, and insurance status) and psychosocial stress (Perceived Stress Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Everyday Discrimination Scale, and Stress and Adversity Inventory). Neonatal cortical and subcortical gray matter, white matter, cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala volumes were generated using semiautomated, age-specific, segmentation pipelines. Results: A total of 280 mothers (mean [SD] age, 29.1 [5.3] years; 170 [60.7%] Black or African American, 100 [35.7%] White, and 10 [3.6%] other race or ethnicity) and their healthy, term-born infants (149 [53.2%] male; mean [SD] infant gestational age, 38.6 [1.0] weeks) were included in the analysis. After covariate adjustment and multiple comparisons correction, greater social disadvantage was associated with reduced cortical gray matter (unstandardized β = -2.0; 95% CI, -3.5 to -0.5; P = .01), subcortical gray matter (unstandardized β = -0.4; 95% CI, -0.7 to -0.2; P = .003), and white matter (unstandardized β = -5.5; 95% CI, -7.8 to -3.3; P \u3c .001) volumes and cortical folding (unstandardized β = -0.03; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.01; P \u3c .001). Psychosocial stress showed no association with brain metrics. Although social disadvantage accounted for an additional 2.3% of the variance of the left hippocampus (unstandardized β = -0.03; 95% CI, -0.05 to -0.01), 2.3% of the right hippocampus (unstandardized β = -0.03; 95% CI, -0.05 to -0.01), 3.1% of the left amygdala (unstandardized β = -0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to -0.01), and 2.9% of the right amygdala (unstandardized β = -0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to -0.01), no regional effects were found after accounting for total brain volume. Conclusions and Relevance: In this baseline assessment of an ongoing cohort study, prenatal social disadvantage was associated with global reductions in brain volumes and cortical folding at birth. No regional specificity for the hippocampus or amygdala was detected. Results highlight that associations between poverty and brain development begin in utero and are evident early in life. These findings emphasize that preventive interventions that support fetal brain development should address parental socioeconomic hardships

Comparison of pathological response of standard chemoradiotherapy versus short course radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma: A pilot study

Introduction: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) is standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. However short course radiotherapy (SCRT) was developed for the benefit of a shorter treatment duration and early surgical intervention which also helped in reducing the case burden to the hospital. SCRT is routinely practised in European countries, Indian experience with the SCRT is limited and hence a pilot study was conducted to compare the morphological difference and pathological response between SCRT and CRT. Objectives: A) Evaluate the morphological changes and pathological response between SCRT and CRT. B) Compare the pathologic response with outcome between SCRT and CRT. Materials and Methods: All rectal cancer patients in clinical stage II and III diagnosed during 2016 to 2020, who underwent SCRT or CRT were selected. Altered histopathologic findings due to therapy such as tumor cell morphology, necrosis and stromal response along with pathological response between the study groups were compared along with the outcome. Results: Ten (12.6%) patients were subjected to SCRT and 69 (87.4%) patients underwent CRT. Morphological changes such as necrosis was noted in nine (90%) and eight (11.5%) cases in SCRT and CRT group respectively. Pathologic complete response (pCR) was noted in 12 (17.5%) cases of CRT only. Near complete response was seen in one (10%) and 14 (20.5%) cases of SCRT and CRT respectively. Despite lower rates of pCR in SCRT, no difference in survival or outcome was noted between the two study groups. Conclusion: pCR as expected is less in patients who received SCRT, despite this the outcome during follow up was similar in both the groups. Indian data is very limited and large multi-centre studies should be carried as SCRT offers an advantage of early definitive surgical intervention in addition to shorter duration of hospitalisation when compared with CRT

Venous thromboembolism in patients with reduced estimated GFR: a population-based perspective

BACKGROUND: An increased frequency of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been shown in patients with decreased kidney function measured by decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). However, present practices with respect to VTE prevention and management in patients with decreased eGFR in general population settings are uncertain. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING and PARTICIPANTS: Community investigation of 1,509 metropolitan Worcester, MA, residents with a validated VTE in 1999, 2001, and 2003 with further follow-up for up to 3 years. PREDICTOR: Patients with VTE classified further according to eGFR on presentation: /=90 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (reference group). OUTCOMES: Recurrent VTE, major bleeding episodes, and all-cause mortality. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment practices, and study outcomes were extracted from patients\u27 hospital and outpatient medical records; eGFR was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. RESULTS: Patients with VTE with eGFR /min/1.73 m(2) were at increased risk of recurrent VTE (HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.03-3.25), major bleeding episodes (HR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.28-4.16), and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.12-2.57) during a 3-year follow-up. Patients with decreased eGFR also presented with more comorbid conditions and were less likely to be discharged on any form of anticoagulant therapy (72.6%, 81.0%, 82.1%, and 87.3% for eGFR /=90 mL/min/1.73 m(2), respectively; P \u3c 0.001). LIMITATIONS: Decreased eGFR status is presumed based on creatinine values on clinical presentation. The impact of drug dosage, timing, type of anticoagulant therapy, and medication adherence on study outcomes could not be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Severe decreases in eGFR are associated with increased risk of long-term recurrent VTE, bleeding, and total mortality in patients with VTE. A greater frequency of serious comorbid conditions, difficulties implementing available management strategies, and suboptimal VTE prophylaxis during hospital admissions likely contributed to our findings. All rights reserved

Ultrasound-Induced Calcium Oscillations and Waves in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells in the Presence of Microbubbles

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound on the intracellular [Ca2+] of Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence of albumin-encapsulated Optison microbubbles. Cells were exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound (tone burst of 0.2 s duration, 0.45 MPa peak pressure) while immersed in solution of 0.9 mM Ca2+. Calcium imaging of the cells was performed using digital video fluorescence microscopy and Ca2+-indicator dye fura-2AM. Experimental evidence indicated that ultrasound caused a direct microbubble-cell interaction resulting in the breaking and eventual dissolution of the microbubble and concomitant permeabilization of the cells to Ca2+. These cells exhibited a large influx of Ca2+ over 3–4 s and did not return to their equilibrium levels. Subsequently, some cells exhibited one or more Ca2+ oscillations with the onset of oscillations delayed by 10–80 s after the ultrasound pulse. A variety of oscillations were observed including decaying oscillations returning to the baseline value over 35– 100 s, oscillations superimposed on a more gradual recovery over 150–200 s, and oscillations continued with increased amplitude caused by a second ultrasound tone burst. The delays in onset appeared to result from calcium waves that propagated across the cells after the application of the ultrasound pulse.NIH grant R01CA116592American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant to Case Western Reserve UniversityPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/84354/1/L29.pd