Planeamiento estratégico del café en el Perú

El sector cafetalero peruano registró en los últimos años decrecimiento en la producción de granos de café a causa de la crisis generada por el virus de la roya el 2013, lo cual afectó la mayor parte de las plantaciones de cafeto y demostró que muchos de los productores no estaban debidamente capacitados para afrontarla. Sin embargo, el café del Perú ha sido reconocido como uno de los productos tradicionales más importantes que el Perú exporta, ello se ve reflejado en el aumento de su demanda y en que se ha convertido en sustento de más de 223 mil familias en todo el Perú. Por ello para conocer a profundidad la realidad del café peruano, visitamos el importante distrito cafetalero de Villarrica, donde recogimos opiniones de los productores y de las asociaciones de café. La presente tesis desarrolla el Planeamiento Estratégico del café en el Perú. Representa una valiosa herramienta que propone estrategias de tipo defensivas, para dirigir los esfuerzos a reducir los costos de producción, aumentar la productividad y calidad, aplicado al mejoramiento del proceso y de las personas. Para llegar a este resultado se plantearon objetivos que permitan el crecimiento a corto y largo plazo, como son: el incremento en el rendimiento del cultivo de café, el aumento de las exportaciones, el incremento del consumo interno, la mejora de la calidad del café y el incremento de la venta del producto con valor agregado. Por lo cual es necesario mejorar la asociación y capacitación de los cafetaleros, desarrollar la investigación científica, invertir en infraestructura, entre otras estrategias. Es así como nuestra visión para el año 2026 es posicionar al Perú como como uno de los mejores productores de café de calidad a nivel mundial, logrando ser reconocidos por su excelente aroma y sabor, alcanzando altos niveles de rendimiento de los terrenos de cultivo para contribuir con el desarrollo económico y tecnológico del sector cafetaleroThe Peruvian coffee sector in recent years recorded decrease in production of coffee beans because of the crisis caused by the virus rust 2013, Which affected most of the coffee plantations and showed that many producers were not properly trained to deal with it. However, the coffee of Perú has been recognized as one of the most important traditional products that Perú exports, this is reflected in the increase in demand and that has become livelihoods of more than 223,000 families across the Perú. Therefore to know in depth the reality of Peruvian coffee, we visited the district important coffee Villarrica, where we collected opinions of producers and associations of coffee. This thesis develops the Strategic Planning coffee in Perú. Represents a valuable tool that proposes strategies of defensive type, to spearhead efforts to reduce production costs, increase productivity and quality, applied to process improvement and people. To reach this result objectives that allow growth in the short and long term were raised, such as: increased crop yield coffee, increased exports, increased domestic consumption, improving coffee quality and increased sales of value-added product. Therefore it is necessary to improve the association of coffee growers and training, developing scientific research, investing in infrastructure, among other strategies. This is how our vision for 2026 is to position Perú as one of the best producers of quality coffee worldwide, achieving recognition for their excellent aroma and flavor, achieving high levels of performance of agricultural land to contribute with economic and technological development of the coffeeTesi

Tertiary Structure-Based Prediction of How ATRP Initiators React with Proteins

The growth of polymers from the surface of proteins via controlled radical polymerization depends on the attachment of small molecule initiators to amino acid residues. Our ability to control and harness the power of polymer-based protein engineering is reliant on the accuracy of prediction where and how fast atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators will react with a protein surface. We performed a systematic characterization of the reaction between a bromine-functionalized <i>N</i>-hydroxysuccinimide amine-reactive ATRP initiator and the amino groups in lysozyme and chymotrypsin. The tertiary structures of the proteins were used to predict computationally α-amino group and lysine side-chain accessibility and analyze the chemical and structural environment of the amino groups. To predict reactivity from accessibility calculations, a probe radius that resembled the size of the initiator molecule was used. Experimental data showed that the rate of initiator–protein modification at each amine site was related to surface accessibility but not the p<i>K</i>_a of amino groups. Further refinements of the prediction of where the initiator modified the protein and in what sequence were achieved by considering the local environment of each amino group

Impairment of Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Right Ventricular Hypertrophied Muscle with Fibrosis Induced by Pulmonary Artery Banding

<div><p>Interstitial myocardial fibrosis is one of the factors responsible for dysfunction of the heart. However, how interstitial fibrosis affects cardiac function and excitation-contraction coupling (E-C coupling) has not yet been clarified. We developed an animal model of right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy with fibrosis by pulmonary artery (PA) banding in rats. Two, four, and six weeks after the PA-banding operation, the tension and intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of RV papillary muscles were simultaneously measured (n = 33). The PA-banding rats were clearly divided into two groups by the presence or absence of apparent interstitial fibrosis in the papillary muscles: F+ or F- group, respectively. The papillary muscle diameter and size of myocytes were almost identical between F+ and F-, although the RV free wall weight was heavier in F+ than in F-. F+ papillary muscles exhibited higher stiffness, lower active tension, and lower Ca²⁺ responsiveness compared with Sham and F- papillary muscles. In addition, we found that the time to peak Ca²⁺ had the highest correlation coefficient to percent of fibrosis among other parameters, such as RV weight and active tension of papillary muscles. The phosphorylation level of troponin I in F+ was significantly higher than that in Sham and F-, which supports the idea of lower Ca²⁺ responsiveness in F+. We also found that connexin 43 in F+ was sparse and disorganized in the intercalated disk area where interstitial fibrosis strongly developed. In the present study, the RV papillary muscles obtained from the PA-banding rats enabled us to directly investigate the relationship between fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction, the impairment of E-C coupling in particular. Our results suggest that interstitial fibrosis worsens cardiac function due to 1) the decrease in Ca²⁺ responsiveness and 2) the asynchronous activation of each cardiac myocyte in the fibrotic preparation due to sparse cell-to-cell communication.</p></div

Myocardial stiffness in papillary muscle with and without fibrosis.

<p>The relationship between muscle stretch and resting tension in papillary muscle. On the x-axis, each muscle length was normalized by Lmax, at which papillary muscle developed maximum active tension. On the y-axis, muscle resting tension was normalized by maximum active tension at Lmax. Filled squares: Sham; open circles: F- (hypertrophy); and gray triangles: F+ (hypertrophy with fibrosis). Values are means ± SE; n = 21 in Sham, n = 17 in F-, and n = 4 in F+.</p

Data set of tension and Ca²⁺ in papillary muscles using the aequorin method.

<p>Data set of tension and Ca²⁺ in papillary muscles using the aequorin method.</p

Reduced intercalated disks and connexin 43 expression in hypertrophy with fibrosis.

<p>A: Representative photos of Masson’s trichrome staining (M-T; upper) and connexin 43 immunohistochemistry staining (Cx43; lower) in the long-axis sections of papillary muscles obtained from Sham (S), hypertrophy without fibrosis (F-), and hypertrophy with fibrosis (F+). Arrows represent intercalated disks. In F+, intercalated disks were invaded with fibrosis and the Cx43 expression level was reduced. B; Expression of Cx43 mRNA was measured by QRT-PCR. Values are means ± SE; n = 21 in Sham, n = 19 in F-, and n = 6 in F+. C: Expression of Cx43 proteins was measured by the western blot technique. Values are means ± SE; n = 6 each.</p

Excitation-contraction coupling in papillary muscle with and without fibrosis.

<p>Tension and Ca²⁺ transients in papillary muscles simultaneously measured by the aequorin method. A: Representative traces in tension (upper) and intracellular Ca²⁺ (lower) in each sample. B: Summarized data of peak value in each sample. C: Summarized data of the peak time of tension and intracellular Ca²⁺. D: Summarized data of relaxation time. E: Summarized data of tension divided by the cross-sectional area of the muscle in each sample.Values are means ± SE; n = 28 in Sham (S), n = 23 in hypertrophy without fibrosis (F-), and n = 10 in hypertrophy with fibrosis (F+).</p

General parameters in tissues from sham (Sham), hypertrophy without fibrosis (F-), and hypertrophy with fibrosis (F+).

<p>General parameters in tissues from sham (Sham), hypertrophy without fibrosis (F-), and hypertrophy with fibrosis (F+).</p